Peristiwa Dunia, Mitos & Sejarah

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TODAY IN HISTORY - 1958: Pasternak Awarded Nobel Prize for Literature

Boris Pasternak, author of Doctor Zhivago, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature on this day in 1958. But he was ultimately forced to refuse the accolade after coming under pressure from the Soviet regime and the Soviet Union Writers’ Association. Like many Russian intellectuals at the time, Pasternak was banned from publishing his poetry and novels, forced instead to earn his living translating the works of Goethe, Shakespeare and Soviet Georgian poets. His masterpiece, Doctor Zhivago, which he began after the end of World War II was published in 1956, after being smuggled out of the Soviet Union. It was eventually published in Russia in 1988.

Source : Deutsche Welle

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Oct 23, 1976:
Chicago has its first #1 hit with "If You Leave Me Now"

                Chicago—one of history's most prolific rock bands—has its first #1 hit on October 23, 1976, with "If You Leave Me Now."
  The rock band Chicago churned out full-length albums at a rate that's never been surpassed by a pop group of their stature. Not only did the group release nine albums in their first seven years of existence (1969-75), but among those nine releases were four double albums and one quadruple album, Chicago at Carnegie Hall (1971). That's 16 LPs in seven years, all of them selling at an incredible rate, which means that in terms of sheer tonnage, Chicago probably shipped more vinyl than any other American rock band in the 1970s. It was a feat made all the more incredible by the fact that the members of Chicago could have walked through O'Hare Airport at the height of their success without attracting so much as a single screaming fan.


  It's not that Chicago's fans didn't love them, for the certainly did. But the collective ethos of the band was to keep individual egos out of things, even to the point of using a logo rather than a picture of the band on nearly every one of their albums. "Chicago is the most successful experiment in group therapy ever to go down in history," founding member Robert Lamm has said. Critics may never have embraced the group's jazzy, middle-of-the road sound, but with upwards of 150 million albums sold worldwide, it's impossible to refute the quantitative argument for Chicago's greatness.


  Chicago's success as album-sellers may overshadow their success on the singles charts, but not by very much. "If You Leave Me Now" became their first #1 hit on this day in 1976, but the group had already placed nine singles in the Billboard Top 10 by the time that Peter Cetera-penned ballad reached the top of the charts. Among those early hits were "25 Or 6 To 4" (1970), "Saturday In The Park" (1972) and "Just You 'N' Me" (1973), and many more were to follow. Chicago earned two more #1 hits post-1976 with "Hard To Say I'm Sorry" (1982) and "Look Away" (1988), and seven other Top 10s, including "Baby What A Big Surprise" (1977), "Hard Habit To Break" and "You're The Inspiration" (both 1982).

Source: http://www.history.com/this-day- ... ou-leave-me-nowquot

              

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Oct 24, 1945:
U.N. formally established

                Less than two months after the end of World War II, the United Nations is formally established with the ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council and a majority of other signatories.
Despite the failure of the League of Nations in arbitrating the conflicts that led up to World War II, the Allies as early as 1941 proposed establishing a new international body to maintain peace in the postwar world. The idea of the United Nations began to be articulated in August 1941, when U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter, which proposed a set of principles for international collaboration in maintaining peace and security. Later that year, Roosevelt coined "United Nations" to describe the nations allied against the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan. The term was first officially used on January 1, 1942, when representatives of 26 Allied nations met in Washington, D.C., and signed the Declaration by the United Nations, which endorsed the Atlantic Charter and presented the united war aims of the Allies.


In October 1943, the major Allied powers--Great Britain, the United States, the USSR, and China—met in Moscow and issued the Moscow Declaration, which officially stated the need for an international organization to replace the League of Nations. That goal was reaffirmed at the Allied conference in Tehran in December 1943, and in August 1944 Great Britain, the United States, the USSR, and China met at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington, D.C., to lay the groundwork for the United Nations. During seven weeks, the delegates sketched out the form of the world body but often disagreed over issues of membership and voting. Compromise was reached by the "Big Three"—the United States, Britain, and the USSR—at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, and all countries that had adhered to the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations were invited to the United Nations founding conference.


On April 25, 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organization convened in San Francisco with 50 nations represented. Three months later, during which time Germany had surrendered, the final Charter of the United Nations was unanimously adopted and signed by the delegates. The Charter called for the U.N. to maintain international peace and security, promote social progress and better standards of life, strengthen international law, and promote the expansion of human rights.


On October 24, 1945, the U.N. Charter came into force upon its ratification by the five permanent members of the Security Council and a majority of other signatories. The first U.N. General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, opened in London on January 10, 1946. On October 24, 1949, exactly four years after the United Nations Charter went into effect, the cornerstone was laid for the present United Nations headquarters, located in New York City. Since 1945, the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded five times to the United Nations and its organizations and five times to individual U.N. officials.

source: http://www.history.com/this-day- ... ormally-established

            

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TODAY IN HISTORY - 2003: End Of An Era For Concorde

The legendary supersonic aircraft, Concorde, has landed at the end of its last commercial passenger flight, amid emotional scenes at Heathrow airport.

The final transatlantic flight, ending 27 years of supersonic history, carried 100 celebrities from New York and touched down at 1605 BST.

As it did so, a huge cheer went up from the thousands of people gathered by the runway on a specially-built grandstand.

Two other Concorde flights had already landed a few minutes earlier, one carrying competition winners on a flight from Edinburgh, and the other completing a trip for invited guests around the Bay of Biscay.

Union Jacks

All three aircraft taxied to the BA engineering base, the crews hanging out of the cockpit windows and waving Union Jacks to the crowds.

Actress Joan Collins, who has flown Concorde about 10 times and was on board the flight from New York, said the end of the era was "tragic".

"The first time I ever flew Concorde was a bit of a white knuckle ride.

"I am more used to it now, it's so wonderful to make the journey in three and a half hours," she said.

British Airways has decided to retire the famous aircraft because it is no longer profitable.

'Sadness and celebration'

Concorde's running costs have been spiralling at a time when ticket sales were dwindling in the wake of a catastrophic crash near Paris Charles de Gaulle airport three years ago in which 113 people died.

British Airways chief executive officer Rod Eddington said there was a "mixture of sadness and celebration" about the retirement.

"It is a wonderful plane, an icon, but its time has come," he said. "It's an old plane - it doesn't look it - but it was designed in the 50s and built in the 60s."

The plane, which cost passengers ￡9,000 a ticket, reached 1,350mph (2,172 kph) and 60,000 feet (18,288 metres) over the Atlantic Ocean during its final flight.

BA and Air France, who worked jointly on developing the aircraft, made an announcement on the retirement in April. The French Concorde's final flight was in May.

Source : BBC News

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HARI INI DALAM SEJARAH - Rangka Rancangan Pembukaan Tanah Diumumkan

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1960, Menteri Pembangunan Luar Bandar, Tun Abdul Razak bin Hussein telah mengumumkan rancangan pembukaan tanah secara besar-besaran di seluruh negara. Rancangan tersebut diwujudkan dengan tujuan menempatkan rakyat yang tidak mempunyai tanah dan memajukan tanah tersebut. Langkah segera yang diatur ialah membuka tanah-tanah tambahan di kawasan kampung-kampung, rancangan perkampungan beramai-ramai dan rancangan-rancangan yang dilancarkan oleh pihak berkuasa FELDA. Bagi melaksanakan rancangan ini, Pejabat-pejabat Tanah disusun kembali dengan mengadakan bahagian khusus untuk memilih tanah-tanah baru yang hendak dibuka. Pejabat-pejabat Tanah juga dipertanggungjawabkan untuk mengelolakan rancangan perkampungan beramai-ramai yang baru dan pembukaan tanah-tanah di kawasan kampung. Bagi menjayakan rancangan perkampungan beramai-ramai ini, kerajaan telah memberi peruntukan sebanyak $49 ribu. Buat permulaannya, sebanyak 40 rancangan dilancarkan dan disertai oleh 400 keluarga. Pemilihan peserta-peserta rancangan dibuat berdasarkan kiraan sistem markah. Sesungguhnya, Rangka Rancangan Pembukaan Tanah yang diumumkan pada hari ini dalam tahun 1960, menjadi asas kepada kemakmuran rakyat terutamanya masyarakat di luar bandar.

Sumber : Arkib Negara

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TODAY IN HISTORY - First Kamikaze Attack Of The War Begins

On this day in 1944, during the Battle of the Leyte Gulf, the Japanese deploy kamikaze ("divine wind") suicide bombers against American warships for the first time. It will prove costly--to both sides.

This decision to employ suicide bombers against the American fleet at Leyte, an island of the Philippines, was based on the failure of conventional naval and aerial engagements to stop the American offensive. Declared Japanese naval Capt. Motoharu Okamura: "I firmly believe that the only way to swing the war in our favor is to resort to crash-dive attacks with our planes.... There will be more than enough volunteers for this chance to save our country."

The first kamikaze force was in fact composed of 24 volunteer pilots from Japan's 201st Navy Air Group. The targets were U.S. escort carriers; one, the St. Lo, was struck by a A6M Zero fighter and sunk in less than an hour, killing 100 Americans. More than 5,000 kamikaze pilots died in the gulf battle-taking down 34 ships.

For their kamikaze raids, the Japanese employed both conventional aircraft and specially designed planes, called Ohka ("cherry blossom") by the Japanese, but Baka ("fool") by the Americans, who saw them as acts of desperation. The Baka was a rocket-powered plane that was carried toward its target attached to the belly of a bomber.

All told, more than 1,321 Japanese aircraft crash-dived their planes into Allied warships during the war, desperate efforts to reverse the growing Allied advantage in the Pacific. While approximately 3,000 Americans and Brits died because of these attacks, the damage done did not prevent the Allied capture of the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa.

Source : History Channel

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HARI INI DALAM SEJARAH - Penyerahan Pangkalan RAF, Kuala Lumpur Kepada TUDM

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1960, telah berlangsung upacara penyerahan Pangkalan Tentera Udara Diraja British (RAF) di Kuala Lumpur kepada Tentera Udara Diraja Malaya (TUDM). Upacara penyerahan itu dilakukan oleh Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British ke Tanah Melayu Sir Geofrey Tory kepada Timbalan Perdana Menteri yang juga Menteri Pertahanan, Tun Abdul Razak. Sempena penyerahan tersebut, satu upacara perbarisan menurunkan bendera RAF dan mengibarkan bendera TUDM telah diadakan. Ini diikuti dengan penerbangan lintas terakhir pesawat Canberra kepunyaan RAF. Tun Razak menyifatkan hari itu sebagai hari yang bersejarah kepada TUDM kerana mulai saat itu TUDM mempunyai pangkalannya sendiri. Sejak ditubuhkan pada 2 Jun 1958, TUDM hanya menumpang di pangkalan tersebut. Pangkalan yang terletak di Sungai Besi itu kini dikenali dengan Pangkalan TUDM Kuala Lumpur. la adalah pangkalan pertama RAF di Tanah Melayu dan mula beroperasi sebagai stesen RAF pada 1 Jun 1941. Tujuan ditubuhkan ialah untuk memudahkan operasi RAF bagi mempertahankan Tanah Melayu di samping menjadi pusat perhubungan RAF dengan pangkalannya di Seletar, Singapura. Walaupun pangkalan ini telah diserahkan kepada TUDM, tetapi Pegawai Memerintah pangkalan ini masih dipinjam dari RAF disebabkan menghadapi masalah kekurangan pegawai dan kakitangan. Hanya sembilan tahun kemudian iaitu pada 31 Mac 1969, anak tempatan telah diserahkan tugas sebagai Pegawai Memerintah. Beliau ialah Group Kapten Mohammed Taib. Pangkalan ini mencatatkan seiarahnya sendiri. la pernah digunakan sebagai Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur sebelum Lapangan Terbang Subang siap dibina. Di sinilah juga TUDM mula ditubuhkan dengan 14 orang anggota dan sebuah pesawat 'Twin Pioneer'. Dekad demi dekad TUDM terus berkembang maju, kuat dan moden. Perkembangan dan kemajuan yang dicapai oleh TUDM sesungguhnya adalah bertolak dari penyerahan Pangkalan Udara RAF Kuala Lumpur kepada TUDM pada hari ini dalam tahun 1960. Penyerahan itu memberi peluang kepada TUDM membuktikan kemampuannya memulakan usaha ke arah pertahanan sendiri dan menghapuskan unsur-unsur penjajahan British di Tanah Melayu.

Sumber : Arkib Negara

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Oct 28, 1886:
Statue of Liberty dedicated

                The Statue of Liberty, a gift of friendship from the people of France to the people of the United States, is dedicated in New York Harbor by President Grover Cleveland.


  Originally known as "Liberty Enlightening the World," the statue was proposed by the French historian Edouard de Laboulaye to commemorate the Franco-American alliance during the American Revolution. Designed by French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, the 151-foot statue was the form of a woman with an uplifted arm holding a torch. Its framework of gigantic steel supports was designed by Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc and Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, the latter famous for his design of the Eiffel Tower in Paris.


  In February 1877, Congress approved the use of a site on New York Bedloe's Island, which was suggested by Bartholdi. In May 1884, the statue was completed in France, and three months later the Americans laid the cornerstone for its pedestal in New York Harbor. In June 1885, the dismantled Statue of Liberty arrived in the New World, enclosed in more than 200 packing cases. Its copper sheets were reassembled, and the last rivet of the monument was fitted on October 28, 1886, during a dedication presided over by President Cleveland and attended by numerous French and American dignitaries.


  On the pedestal was inscribed "The New Colossus," a sonnet by American poet Emma Lazarus that welcomed immigrants to the United States with the declaration, "Give me your tired, your poor, / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, / The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. / Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me. / I lift my lamp beside the golden door." In 1892, Ellis Island, adjacent to Bedloe's Island, opened as the chief entry station for immigrants to the United States, and for the next 32 years more than 12 million immigrants were welcomed into New York harbor by the sight of "Lady Liberty." In 1924, the Statue of Liberty was made a national monument, and in 1956 Bedloe's Island was renamed Liberty Island. The statue underwent a major restoration in the 1980s.

source: http://www.history.com/this-day- ... f-liberty-dedicated

            

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TODAY IN HISTORY - Stock Market Crashes

Black Tuesday hits Wall Street as investors trade 16,410,030 shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors, and stock tickers ran hours behind because the machinery could not handle the tremendous volume of trading. In the aftermath of Black Tuesday, America and the rest of the industrialized world spiraled downward into the Great Depression.

During the 1920s, the U.S. stock market underwent rapid expansion, reaching its peak in August 1929, a period of wild speculation. By then, production had already declined and unemployment had risen, leaving stocks in great excess of their real value. Among the other causes of the eventual market collapse were low wages, the proliferation of debt, a weak agriculture, and an excess of large bank loans that could not be liquidated.

Stock prices began to decline in September and early October 1929, and on October 18 the fall began. Panic set in, and on October 24—Black Thursday—a record 12,894,650 shares were traded. Investment companies and leading bankers attempted to stabilize the market by buying up great blocks of stock, producing a moderate rally on Friday. On Monday, however, the storm broke anew, and the market went into free fall. Black Monday was followed by Black Tuesday, in which stock prices collapsed completely.

After October 29, 1929, stock prices had nowhere to go but up, so there was considerable recovery during succeeding weeks. Overall, however, prices continued to drop as the United States slumped into the Great Depression, and by 1932 stocks were worth only about 20 percent of their value in the summer of 1929. The stock market crash of 1929 was not the sole cause of the Great Depression, but it did act to accelerate the global economic collapse of which it was also a symptom. By 1933, nearly half of America's banks had failed, and unemployment was approaching 15 million people, or 30 percent of the workforce. It would take World War II, and the massive level of armaments production taken on by the United States, to finally bring the country out of the Depression after a decade of suffering.

Source : History Channel

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HARI INI DALAM SEJARAH - Pelancaran ECER

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 2007, Wilayah Ekonomi Pantai Timur (ECER) dilancarkan oleh YAB Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Abdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi di Kuala Terengganu. ECER meliputi keluasan 66,736 kilometer persegi. merupakan wilayah pembangunan ketiga dilancarkan Perdana Menteri, selepas Wilayah Pembangunan Iskandar dan Wilayah Ekonomi Koridor Utara. Petronas adalah perancang utama pelan ECER meliputi keluasan 66,736 kilometer persegi dan bakal mewujudkan 560,000 peluang pekerjaan baru serta menyumbang kepada peningkatan taraf hidup penduduk wilayah di Terengganu, Kelantan, Pahang dan Johor Timur. ECER meliputi lima kelompok utama iaitu pertanian, pelancongan, pembuatan, pendidikan serta minyak, gas, dan petrokimia membabitkan projek bernilai RM112 billion dalam tempoh 12 tahun. Kerajaan Pusat di jangka menyediakan RM43.68 bilion atau 39 peratus, syarikat berkaitan kerajaan sebanyak 14 peratus, pihak swasta sebanyak 20 peratus dan baki adalah menerusi inisiatif pelaburan swasta. Sebagai tanda komitmen kerajaan, Perdana Menteri mengumumkan peruntukan RM6 bilion untuk disalurkan kepada projek fasa permulaan berimpak tinggi dan peruntukan disediakan melalui kajian semula program Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan serta penambahan peruntukan ketika kajian separuh penggal RMK-9. Pembangunan ECER menumpukan kepada usaha untuk mencapai taraf wilayah maju yang dinamik dan berdaya saing menjelang 2020 dan memangkin pembangunan sosio ekonomi demi kesejahteraan semua lapisan masyarakat.

Sumber : Arkib Negara

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Oct 29, 1966:
"96 Tears" becomes a #1 hit for the enigmatic and influential ? and the Mysterians

                To this day, no one can say with absolute certainty who the leader of ?(Question Mark) and the Mysterians really is. Is he—as literalists would have us believe—the former Rudy Martinez, a Mexican-born and Michigan-raised earthling who legally changed his name to a punctuation mark? Or is he truly the space alien he claims to be—a claim from which he has never backed down?

What is abundantly clear is that ? has managed to maintain an intriguing air of mystery about him during his 40-plus years in the public eye, and that air of mystery has in turn helped earn him recognition among fans as one of the flat-out coolest individuals ever to cut a hit record. Known to his friends as "Q," the man officially named ? rose to fame with his band the Mysterians when their song "96 Tears" came out of nowhere to reach the top of the Billboard pop chart on this day in 1966.
  
Many critics and fans of ? and the Mysterians regard "96 Tears" as a record of seminal importance—a garage-rock masterpiece worthy of the ultimate accolade in certain hipster circles: the label "proto-punk." Certainly the genesis of both the band and the record fit neatly within punk's D.I.Y. ethos. The Mysterians took shape in 1962 when four Mexican-American teenagers from Saginaw, Michigan, began playing instrumental music inspired by the surf bands like the Ventures and by the loud, raw sound of the legendary guitarist Link Wray. Taking their name from a Japanese science fiction movie involving invaders from another planet, the Mysterians soon made the acquaintance of their own alleged alien—a young man in sunglasses who approached them after a gig at Michigan's Mt. Holly Ski Lodge offering to manage the group. Identifying himself to the Mysterians only as "?," this young man would soon become the group's lead singer and primary songwriter. It was a poem of his called "Too Many Teardrops" that became "96 Tears."


  Recorded in the living room of the head of a local record label called Pa-Go-Go, "96 Tears" was a simple song recorded in amateur fashion yet infused with incredible energy that would make it a favorite of the 1970s punks who would follow in the footsteps of ?, who never once took off his trademark shades, neither during his band's extremely brief heyday nor later as part of any publicity-generating stunt.

source: http://www.history.com/this-day- ... -and-the-mysterians

              

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TODAY IN HISTORY - Muhammad Ali Wins The Rumble In The Jungle       

On October 30, 1974, 32-year-old Muhammad Ali becomes the heavyweight champion of the world for the second time when he knocks out 25-year-old champ George Foreman in the eighth round of the "Rumble in the Jungle," a match in Kinshasa, Zaire. Seven years before, Ali had lost his title when the government accused him of draft-dodging and the boxing commission took away his license. His victory in Zaire made him only the second dethroned champ in history to regain his belt.

The "Rumble in the Jungle" (named by promoter Don King, who’d initially tagged the bout "From the Slave Ship to the Championship!" until Zaire’s president caught wind of the idea and ordered all the posters burned) was Africa’s first heavyweight championship match. The government of the West African republic staged the event—its president, Mobutu Sese Seko, personally paid each of the fighters $5 million simply for showing up—in hopes that it would draw the world’s attention to the country’s enormous beauty and vast reserves of natural resources. Ali agreed. "I wanted to establish a relationship between American blacks and Africans," he wrote later. "The fight was about racial problems, Vietnam. All of that." He added: "The Rumble in the Jungle was a fight that made the whole country more conscious."

At 4:30 a.m. on October 30, 60,000 spectators gathered in the moonlight (organizers had timed the fight to overlap with prime time in the U.S.) at the outdoor Stade du 20 Mai to watch the fight. They were chanting "Ali, bomaye" ("Ali, kill him"). The ex-champ had been taunting Foreman for weeks, and the young boxer was eager to get going. When the bell rang, he began to pound Ali with his signature sledgehammer blows, but the older man simply backed himself up against the ropes and used his arms to block as many hits as he could. He was confident that he could wait Foreman out. (Ali’s trainer later called this strategy the "rope-a-dope," because he was "a dope" for using it.)

By the fifth round, the youngster began to tire. His powerful punches became glances and taps. And in the eighth, like "a bee harassing a bear," as one Times reporter wrote, Ali peeled himself off the ropes and unleashed a barrage of quick punches that seemed to bewilder the exhausted Foreman. A hard left and chopping right caused the champ’s weary legs to buckle, and he plopped down on the mat. The referee counted him out with just two seconds to go in the round.

Ali lost his title and regained it once more before retiring for good in 1981. Foreman, meanwhile, retired in 1977 but kept training, and in 1987 he became the oldest heavyweight champ in the history of boxing. Today, the affable Foreman is a minister and rancher in Texas and the father of five daughters and five sons, all named George. He’s also the spokesman for the incredibly popular line of George Foreman indoor grills.

Source : History Channel

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HARI INI DALAM SEJARAH - Pendaftaran Rasmi Parti Perikatan

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1957, Parti Perikatan yang dianggotai oleh UMNO, MCA dan MIC dengan rasminya telah didaftarkan sebagai sebuah organisasi politik. Pendaftaran secara rasmi Parti Perikatan ini menjadikan parti tersebut sebagai sebuah badan yang sah dan dapat bergerak sebagai sebuah parti pemerintahan sehingga membentuk satu asas yang kukuh kepada tampuk pemerintahan negara sehingga sekarang. Parti Perikatan yang telah ditubuhkan pada bulan Disember 1951 adalah merupakan gabungan dua buah parti politik yang besar iaitu UMNO, dan MCA. Pada masa itu Sir Tan Cheng Lock menjadi ketua MCA dan Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra menjadi Ketua UMNO. Dalam tahun 1954 parti MIC pula yang diketuai oleh Datuk Sambanthan telah menyertai Parti Perikatan ini. Mengikut perlembagaan Parti Perikatan yang didaftarkan ini, keahliannya terbuka kepada sebarang parti yang bersifat kebangsaan. Sementara itu sebuah Majlis Kebangsaan yang mengandungi 16 orang wakil daripada UMNO, 16 orang wakil daripada MCA dan enam orang wakil daripada MIC adalah bertanggungjawab mengelolakan parti ini. Parti Perikatan Tanah Melayu telah membentuk aliran sejarah negara ini dan permulaan perjuangannya ialah menuntut, mendapat dan menegakkan kemerdekaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu pada 31 Ogos 1957. Parti Perikatan ini seterusnya mencatatkan sejarah dengan terbentuknya Persekutuan Malaysia pada 16 September 1963.

Sumber : Arkib Negara

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HARI INI DALAM SEJARAH - Majlis Angkat Sumpah Perdana Menteri Yang Kelima

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 2003, Dato’ Seri Abdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi telah mengangkat sumpah jawatan sebagai Perdana Menteri Malaysia yang kelima menggantikan Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, yang berundur setelah menerajui negara selama 22 tahun. Dato’ Seri Abdullah telah mengangkat sumpah sebagai Perdana Menteri di hadapan Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Ibni Al-Marhum Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail di Istana Negara, Kuala Lumpur. Dato Seri Abdullah telah membaca ikrar di Istiadat Pengurniaan Suratcara Perlantikan dan Istiadat Mengangkat Sumpah Jawatan dan Taat Setia serta Menyimpan Rahsia sebelum menandatangani keempat-empat Surat Cara Perlantikan. Turut hadir ialah orang-orang kenamaan termasuk Menteri-menteri Kabinet, Menteri Besar dan Yang Dipertua Dewan Speaker Dewan Rakyat dan Yang di Pertua Dewan Negara. Sesungguhnya negara merasa bertuah kerana proses peralihan kuasa dilaksanakan dalam suasana aman, muhibbah dan persefahaman.

Sumber : Arkib Negara

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TODAY IN HISTORY - The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes published

On this day, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, by Arthur Conan Doyle, is published. The book was the first collection of Holmes stories, which Conan Doyle had been publishing in magazines since 1887.

Conan Doyle was born in Scotland and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, where he met Dr. Joseph Bell, a teacher with extraordinary deductive power. Bell partly inspired Doyle's character Sherlock Holmes years later.

After medical school, Conan Doyle moved to London, where his slow medical practice left him ample free time to write. His first Sherlock Holmes story, "A Study in Scarlet," was published in Beeton's Christmas Annual in 1887. Starting in 1891, a series of Holmes stories appeared in The Strand magazine, and Conan Doyle was able to give up his medical practice and devote himself to writing.

Later collections include The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1894), The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1905), and The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes (1827). In 1902, Conan Doyle was knighted for his work with a field hospital in South Africa. In addition to dozens of Sherlock Holmes stories and several novels, Conan Doyle wrote history, pursued whaling, and engaged in many adventures and athletic endeavors. After his son died in World War I, Conan Doyle became a dedicated spiritualist. He died in 1930.

Source : History Channel

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TODAY IN HISTORY - United States Tests First Hydrogen Bomb       

The United States detonates the world's first thermonuclear weapon, the hydrogen bomb, on Eniwetok atoll in the Pacific. The test gave the United States a short-lived advantage in the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union. Following the successful Soviet detonation of an atomic device in September 1949, the United States accelerated its program to develop the next stage in atomic weaponry, a thermonuclear bomb. Popularly known as the hydrogen bomb, this new weapon was approximately 1,000 times more powerful than conventional nuclear devices. Opponents of development of the hydrogen bomb included J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the fathers of the atomic bomb. He and others argued that little would be accomplished except the speeding up of the arms race, since it was assumed that the Soviets would quickly follow suit.The opponents were correct in their assumptions. The Soviet Union exploded a thermonuclear device the following year and by the late 1970s, seven nations had constructed hydrogen bombs. The nuclear arms race had taken a fearful step forward.

Source : History Channel

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HARI INI DALAM SEJARAH - Perjanjian Kedah - Inggeris

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1923, satu perjanjian telah ditandatangani di antara Sir Laurence Guilemard, Gabenor Negeri-negeri Selat dan Pesuruhjaya Tinggi Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu dengan Tunku Ibrahim wakil Sultan Kedah. Melalui perjanjian ini, Negeri Kedah secara rasmi menerima seorang Penasihat Inggeris. Menurut Perjanjian Bangkok yang ditandatangani pada 10 Mac 1909, Siam bersetuju menyerahkan kuasa kedaulatan, pertahanan, pentadbiran dan segala hakmilik ke atas Negeri-negeri Utara Tanah Melayu iaitu Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu dan Kedah. Dengan perjanjian ini Negeri-negeri tersebut secara tidak langsung diletakkan di bawah kuasa Inggeris. Bagaimanapun bukanlah mudah bagi Inggeris untuk berkeras di Negeri Kedah. Inggeris terpaksa menghadapi tentangan yang sungguh hebat di negeri itu jika dibandingkan dengan negeri-negeri lain. Selepas Perjanjian Bangkok, Inggeris telah menghantar George Maxwell sebagai Penasihat Inggeris di Kedah tetapi beliau telah ditentang oleh pembesar-pembesar Kedah dan Sultan Kedah sendiri enggan menerimanya malahan enggan menandatangani sebarang perjanjian dengan Inggeris. Namun begitu akhirnya Sultan Kedah terpaksa juga menerima kedatangan Inggeris itu atas hubungan kerjasama. Inggeris merasakan kedudukannya di Kedah harus diperkukuhkan. Menyedari hal ini maka pada hari ini dalam tahun 1923 perjanjian ini telah ditandatangani antara Inggeris dengan Kerajaan Kedah. Di antara lain perjanjian ini menyatakan:-

1. Negeri Kedah akan terus diletakkan di bawah perlindungan Inggeris dan Sultan Kedah tidak dibenarkan berhubung dengan kuasa-kuasa luar kecuali dengan persetujuan Inggeris.

2. Inggeris tidak akan menyerahkan kekuasaannya ke atas Negeri Kedah kepada kuasa-kuasa lain atau menyatukan Kedah dengan sebarang negeri atau tanah jajahannya yang lain tanpa persetujuan bertulis dari Sultan Kedah.

3. Pewarisan takhta kerajaan atau pengganti Sultan akan ditentukan oleh Sultan yang memerintah setelah diputuskan di Majlis Negeri serta dengan persetujuan Inggeris.

Dengan termeterainya perjanjian ini, Negeri Kedah dengan rasminya terletak di bawah naungan Inggeris bersama-sama dengan Terengganu, Kelantan dan Perlis. Negeri-negeri ini terangkum di bawah Negeri-negeri Melayu Tak Bersekutu.

Sumber : Arkib Negara

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Nov 6, 1860:
Abraham Lincoln elected president

                Abraham Lincoln is elected the 16th president of the United States over a deeply divided Democratic Party, becoming the first Republican to win the presidency. Lincoln received only 40 percent of the popular vote but handily defeated the three other candidates: Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, Constitutional Union candidate John Bell, and Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas, a U.S. senator for Illinois.  


Lincoln, a Kentucky-born lawyer and former Whig representative to Congress, first gained national stature during his campaign against Stephen Douglas of Illinois for a U.S. Senate seat in 1858. The senatorial campaign featured a remarkable series of public encounters on the slavery issue, known as the Lincoln-Douglas debates, in which Lincoln argued against the spread of slavery, while Douglas maintained that each territory should have the right to decide whether it would become free or slave. Lincoln lost the Senate race, but his campaign brought national attention to the young Republican Party. In 1860, Lincoln won the party's presidential nomination.


In the November 1860 election, Lincoln again faced Douglas, who represented the Northern faction of a heavily divided Democratic Party, as well as Breckinridge and Bell. The announcement of Lincoln's victory signaled the secession of the Southern states, which since the beginning of the year had been publicly threatening secession if the Republicans gained the White House.


By the time of Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, 1861, seven states had seceded, and the Confederate States of America had been formally established, with Jefferson Davis as its elected president. One month later, the American Civil War began when Confederate forces under General P.G.T. Beauregard opened fire on Union-held Fort Sumter in South Carolina. In 1863, as the tide turned against the Confederacy, Lincoln emancipated the slaves and in 1864 won reelection. In April 1865, he was assassinated by  Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. The attack came only five days after the American Civil War effectively ended with the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox.
For preserving the Union and bringing an end to slavery, and for his unique character and powerful oratory, Lincoln is hailed as one of the greatest American presidents.

source: http://www.history.com/this-day- ... n-elected-president

            

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TODAY IN HISTORY - 1998: Oldest astronaut back on Earth

American senator John Glenn, the world's oldest astronaut, has landed back on Earth after an historic nine-day mission.

In 1962 Mr Glenn became the first American in orbit in a Friendship 7 capsule that took five hours to circle the Earth three times before crash-landing into the Caribbean.

Today the 77-year-old astronaut and his six crew mates aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery glided safely into the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida at 0903 local time (1703 GMT).

They had travelled more than 3.6 million miles in space, making 135 laps of the globe.

In high spirits

Nasa's official reason for allowing Mr Glenn to return to space was to compare the effects of microgravity with the ageing process.

But some critics said the trip was a publicity stunt to revive public interest in the space program.

This includes the construction of a $60-billion international space station, a project that will involve 12 countries and will begin with the launch of the first module in December.

Nasa's chief doctor, Philip Stepaniak, said Mr Glenn and the other crew members were all doing better than expected and described Mr Glenn as being animated and in high spirits.

He was able to walk unaided down the steps before being reunited with his wife, two children and grandsons.

Mr Glenn even found the energy to call out on the communications link moments after landing, "I want to reprise a statement that I made a long, long time ago, except this time it is: One-G and I feel fine."

He was recalling his previous trip to space when, on blast-off, he said "Zero-G, and I feel fine."

Message from president

Nasa had put Edwards Air Base in California on stand-by in case of bad weather on the east coast.

In the event the shuttle made a perfectly smooth landing.

President Bill Clinton saw the mission blast off nine days ago. A few hours before Discovery's return, the president sent the senator an email congratulating him on a successful mission.

"We are very proud of you and the entire crew, and a little jealous," it read. "Back on Earth we're having a lot of fun with your adventure."

Other crew members included the first Spaniard in space, Pedro Duque, and the only woman on board, Japanese astronaut Chiaki Mukai.

Source : BBC News

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HARI INI DALAM SEJARAH - Putrajaya Di Isytihar Sebuah Wilayah Persekutuan

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 2000, Kerajaan negeri Selangor dan Kerajaan Persekutuan telah menandatangani perjanjian yang menjadikan Putrajaya sebagai sebuah Wilayah Persekutuan. Melalui perjanjian ini kawasan seluas 4,931 hektar yang sebelumnya adalah milik kerajaan negeri Selangor akan diserahkan kepada Kerajaan Persekutuan untuk dijadikan sebagai pusat pentadbiran baru. Surat perjanjian ditandatangani oleh Pemangku Raja Selangor Raja Sharafuddin Idris Shah Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Al-Haj manakala pihak Kerajaan Persekutuan pula diwakili oleh DYMM Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj. Majlis bersejarah ini juga turut dihadiri oleh Perdana Menteri Malaysia Datuk Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad dan juga Menteri Besar Selangor, Datuk Dr Mohamad Khir Toyo sebagai saksi perjanjian yang dilaksanakan di Balai Rongseri Istana Negara. Sesungguhnya perjanjian pada hari ini dalam tahun 2000 telah wujud secara rasmi sebuah wilayah sebagai pusat pentadbiran baru negara bagi mempercepatkan pembangunan negara.

Sumber : Arkib Negara