TOKOH-TOKOH FALSAFAH BARAT YANG WAJAR DIKENALI

Baba_Yaga

Antara Tokoh-Tokoh Falsafah Barat Yang Wajar Dikenali Untuk Memahami Pemikiran Barat :

1.Plato.
2.Socrates.
3.Epicurus.
4.Aristotle.
5.Thomas Aquinas.
6.Blaise Pascal.
7.Baruch Spinoza.
8.Rene Descartes.
9.David Hume.
10.Immanuel Kant.
11.Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
12.Arthur Schopenhauer
13.Soren Kierkergaard.
14.Friedrich Nietzsche.
15.Ludwig Wittgenstein.
16.Martin Heidegger.
17.Jean-Paul Sartre
18.Albert Camus.
19.Jacques Derrida
20.Michel Foucault
21.Niccolo Machiavelli
22.Thomas Hobbes.
23.John Locke
24.Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
25.Adam Smith.
26.Karl Marx.
27.John Rawls.
28.Friedrich Hayek.
29.Sigmmund Freud
30.Auguste Comte
31.Emile Durkheim.
32.Max Weber
33.Voltaire
34.Francis Bacon
35.Arnold Toynbee
36.Robert Nozick.

seribulan

Yg tahu...


1.Plato.
2.Socrates.
4.Aristotle.
8.Rene Descartes.
10.Immanuel Kant.
11.Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
14.Friedrich Nietzsche
17.Jean-Paul Sartre
18.Albert Camus.
19.Jacques Derrida
20.Michel Foucault
21.Niccolo Machiavelli
22.Thomas Hobbes.
23.John Locke
24.Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
25.Adam Smith.
26.Karl Marx.
29.Sigmmund Freud
32.Max Weber
33.Voltaire
34.Francis Bacon
35.Arnold Toynbee

Baba_Yaga

seribulan replied at 19-6-2019 12:29 AM
Yg tahu...

36. Robert Nozick tentang Keadilan Distributif

Teorinya disebut Entitlement Theory. Menurutnya kita memiliki sesuatu yang adil, jika pemilikan itu berasal dari keputusan bebas yang mempunyai landasan hak. Disini ada tiga kemungkinan yang menelurkan tiga prinsip. Pertama, prinsip “original acquisition”: kita memperoleh sesuatu untuk pertama kali dengan, misalnya, memproduksi hal itu. Kedua, prinsip “transfer”: kita memiliki sesuatu karena diberikan oleh orang lain. Ketiga, “rectification of injustice”: kita mendapat sesuatu kembali yang sebelumnya dicuri dari kita.

Nozick mempunyai dua keberatan mendasar terhadap prinsip-prinsip material keadilan distributif yang tradisional, yang bersifat ahistoris dan mempunyai pola yang ditentukan sebelumnya. Sedangkan prinsip Nozick tidak saja melihat hasil pembagian atau pemilikan, tapi juga proses itu sampai terjadi.

Baba_Yaga

Super mod yg pemurah.. Luv you

Baba_Yaga

seribulan replied at 19-6-2019 12:29 AM
Yg tahu...

1. Plato: ahli falsafah Yunani.

Plato ( Greek: Πλτων, Plátōn) (sekitar 427 S.M. - sekitar 347 S.M.) adalah murid kepada Socrates dan guru pada Aristoteles. Hasil kerjanya yang paling masyhur adalah Republik (dalam bahasa Yunani: Politeia, "negeri") yang dia menguraikan garis besar pandangannya pada keadaan "ideal". Dia juga menulis 'Hukum' dan banyak dialog di mana Socrates adalah peserta utama.

Sumbangan Plato yang terpenting adalah ilmunya mengenai ide. Dunia fana ini tiada lain hanyalah refleksi atau bayangan daripada dunia ideal. Di dunia ideal semuanya sangat sempurna. Hal ini tidak hanya merujuk kepada barang-barang fizikal yang boleh disentuh dan dilihat, tetapi juga mengenai konsep-konsep fikiran, hasil buah intelek. Sebagai contoh, konsep mengenai "kebajikan" dan "kebenaran".

Salah satu perumpamaan Plato yang termasyhur adalah perumpamaan tentang orang di gua.

Menurut Plato kota muncul akibat pembahagian buruh, dan pembahagian buruh tidak boleh wujud tanpa ketaksetaraan semula jadi dalam kemahiran dan pelbagaian kehendak manusia. Beliau hendak menghalang perkaitan antara kelas pemerintah dengan kelas yang diperintah agar mengelak konflik dalam masyarakat.

missflamingo

2. Socrate
Bukti tunggal terhadap kewujudannya hanya terdapat daripada rujukan-rujukan kepada beliau oleh orang-orang yang dikatakan merupakan pengikut-pengikutnya. Oleh itu, sesetengah orang telah menyoal tentang adakah Socrates benar-benar pernah wujud dan merujuk kepada pemerihalan cacat Plato mengenai kematian Socrates melalui peracunan. Tambahan pula, terdapat satu pola bahawa semua rujukan kepada Socrates berfungsi sebagai alat retorik yang digunakan, mula-mula oleh Aristotle dan kemudiannya oleh orang-orang lain seperti Plato, sebagai pengharapan terhadap orang yang berwibawa untuk memberikan tanggapan bahawa aliran hujah mereka disokong oleh seorang tokoh yang agung.

Baba_Yaga

3. Epicurus (341–270 BC): an ancient Greek philosopher.

He founded a highly influential school of philosophy now called Epicureanism. He was born on the Greek island of Samos to Athenian parents. Influenced by Democritus, Aristotle, Pyrrho, and possibly the Cynics, he turned against the Platonism of his day and established his own school, known as "the Garden", in Athens.

Epicurus and his followers were known for eating simple meals and discussing a wide range of philosophical subjects, and he openly allowed women to join the school as a matter of policy. An extremely prolific writer, he is said to have originally written over 300 works on various subjects, but the vast majority of these writings have been lost.

Most knowledge of his teachings comes from later authors, particularly the Roman poet Lucretius, the biographer Diogenes Lartius, the statesman Cicero, and the philosophers Philodemus and Sextus Empiricus.

Epicurus was an empiricist, meaning he believed that the senses are the only reliable source of knowledge about the world. He derived much of his physics and cosmology from the earlier philosopher Democritus (c. 460–c. 370 BC). Like Democritus, Epicurus taught that the universe is infinite and eternal and that all matter is made up of extremely tiny, invisible particles known as atoms. All occurrences in the natural world are ultimately the result of atoms moving and interacting in empty space.

Baba_Yaga

4. Aristotles (384–322 BC):

Merupakan ahli falsafah Yunani  dan seorang yang pakar dalam pelbagai bidang. Beliau ialah salah seorang daripada tiga ahli falsafah silam yang teragung dan seorang pemikir yang terbesar di zaman purbakala. Namanya mula menjadi mahsyur di sekitar Lautan Tengah dalam usia 41 tahun, ia diundang ke Macadonia untuk mengajar Alexander The Great – Iskandar Agung seorang anak yang berusia 13 tahun. Maka ia tinggal di istana Macadonia selama 8 tahun dan kembali ke Athene pada tahun 335 s.M.

Aristotles dikenali sebagai beberapa tokoh yang telah mempelajari hampir kesemua bidang. Berkaitan bidang ilmu sains, beliau belajar pelbagai ilmu, antaranya termasuklah ilmu anatomi, astronomi, embriologi, geografi, geologi, meteorologi, fizik, dan zoologi. Manakala dalam bidang falsafah pula, Aristotles mempelajari dan menulis mengenai estetik, ekonomi, moral (ethics), kerajaan, metafizik, politik, psikologi, retorik, teologi, pendidikan, adat asing, penulisan dan sastera.

missflamingo

missflamingo replied at 19-6-2019 09:20 AM
2. Socrate
Bukti tunggal terhadap kewujudannya hanya terdapat daripada rujukan-rujukan kepada belia ...

Tq momod teragung bagi kacang hehehe

Baba_Yaga

5. (Saint) Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 7 March 1274):

He was an Italian Dominican friar, Philosopher, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church. He is an immensely influential philosopher, theologian, and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism, within which he is also known as the Doctor Angelicus and the Doctor Communis.[10] The name Aquinas identifies his ancestral origins in the county of Aquino in present-day Lazio, Italy.

He was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology and the father of Thomism; of which he argued that reason is found in God. His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy developed or opposed his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory.

The Catholic Church honors Thomas Aquinas as a saint and regards him as the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood, and indeed the highest expression of both natural reason and speculative theology.

f98

6. Blaise Pascal

(born June 19, 1623, Clermont-Ferrand, France—died August 19, 1662, Paris), French mathematician, physicist, religious philosopher, and master of prose. He laid the foundation for the modern theory of probabilities, formulated what came to be known as Pascal’s principle of pressure, and propagated a religious doctrine that taught the experience of God through the heart rather than through reason. The establishment of his principle of intuitionism had an impact on such later philosophers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Henri Bergson and also on the Existentialists.

He also invented Pascal’s law which states pressure in a point is equal in all directions.

seribulan

20 Major Philosophers & Their Big Ideas

By David A. Tomar

Last Updated: Feb 25, 2019

Philosophy is complicated stuff. It’s the search for meaning, for greater understanding, for answers to the questions surrounding our existence, our purpose, and the universe itself. So obviously, attempting to sum it up in a few pithy blurbs is a fool’s errand. Well, consider us your fool, because that’s exactly what we’ve set out to do.
Philosophers Table of Contents

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• Thomas Aquinas
• Aristotle
• Confucius
• René Descartes
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Michel Foucault
• David Hume
• Immanuel Kant
• Søren Kierkegaard
• Lao-Tzu
• John Locke
• Niccolo Machiavelli
• Karl Marx
• John Stuart Mill
• Friedrich Nietzsche
• Plato
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Jean-Paul Sartre
• Socrates
• Ludwig Wittgenstein
  

We’re certain Socrates would question our motives, Emerson would criticize us for writing on the subject so far removed from nature, and Nietzsche would make fun of us until we cried. But we think it’s worth the risk to give you a quick shot of knowledge while you prepare for your exam, tighten up your essay, or begin the research process.

shinichi

Machiavelli  'The Prince' - the ends justify the means

f98

René Descartes (1596—1650)

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René Descartes is often credited with being the “Father of Modern Philosophy.” This title is justified due both to his break with the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophy prevalent at his time and to his development and promotion of the new, mechanistic sciences. His fundamental break with Scholastic philosophy was twofold. First, Descartes thought that the Scholastics’ method was prone to doubt given their reliance on sensation as the source for all knowledge. Second, he wanted to replace their final causal model of scientific explanation with the more modern, mechanistic model.

Descartes attempted to address the former issue via his method of doubt. His basic strategy was to consider false any belief that falls prey to even the slightest doubt. This “hyperbolic doubt” then serves to clear the way for what Descartes considers to be an unprejudiced search for the truth. This clearing of his previously held beliefs then puts him at an epistemological ground-zero. From here Descartes sets out to find something that lies beyond all doubt. He eventually discovers that “I exist” is impossible to doubt and is, therefore, absolutely certain. It is from this point that Descartes proceeds to demonstrate God’s existence and that God cannot be a deceiver. This, in turn, serves to fix the certainty of everything that is clearly and distinctly understood and provides the epistemological foundation Descartes set out to find.

Once this conclusion is reached, Descartes can proceed to rebuild his system of previously dubious beliefs on this absolutely certain foundation. These beliefs, which are re-established with absolute certainty, include the existence of a world of bodies external to the mind, the dualistic distinction of the immaterial mind from the body, and his mechanistic model of physics based on the clear and distinct ideas of geometry. This points toward his second, major break with the Scholastic Aristotelian tradition in that Descartes intended to replace their system based on final causal explanations with his system based on mechanistic principles. Descartes also applied this mechanistic framework to the operation of plant, animal and human bodies, sensation and the passions. All of this eventually culminating in a moral system based on the notion of “generosity.”