Attila The Huns (406

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The Huns, led by Attila (right, foreground), ride into Italy.

Attila the Hun

Attila the Hun (Ic. Atle, Atli; Ge. Etzel; c. 406

fleurzsa

Salam,

Mlm tadi tengok movie ni kat tv.  Hmm kalo beliau tak mati mesti boleh menawan Rome.  

Jgn sangka perempuan ni lemah.

fly_in_d_sky

Timeline : Huns

* Mounted archers

* 200BC: Mao-tun unites the Huns (Xiongnu, Hsiung-nu) in Central Asia around Lake Bajkal and southeastern Mongolia, with capital in Longcheng (near Ulan Bator)

* 176BC: the Hsiung-nu attack eastern China (the Tocharians)

* 140BC: Han emperor Wu-ti conducts campaigns against the Hsiung-nu

* 121BC: China defeats the Hsiung-nu

* 51 BC: the Hsiung-nu split into two hordes, with the eastern (southern) horde subject to China

* 50 BC: the western Huns expand to the Volga

* 48 AD: the Hsiung-nu empire is defeated by the Han and dissolves

* 337AD: Constantine dies and the Roman empire is divided in eastern
(Costantinople) and western (Rome) empire

* 350AD: Hunnic invasion of South-eastern Europe

* 376AD: Huns, led by Uldin, reach the Black Sea and the Danube, conquering the eastern Goths

* 395AD: the Huns raid Armenia

* 408AD: Uldin crosses the Danube but is defeated by Rome

* 408AD: the Roman patrician Aetius is taken prisoner by the Huns

* 412AD: the new Hun leader Donatus is murdered by the Romans and is succeeded by Charato (Karaton), who unifies all Western Huns

* 425AD: Huns are hired by a western Roman general (Aetius) to fight in Italy during a political crisis

* 430AD: the new Hun leader Rugida (Rua) signs a peace treaty with the eastern Roman empire (annual salary in return for peace)

* 433AD: Rugida (Rua) signs a treaty with the western Roman empire that surrenders Pannonia to the Huns in exchange for military help

* 433AD: Aetius becomes the de-facto ruler of the western Roman empire

* 434AD: Rugida (Rua) dies and is succeeded by Attila (a friend of Aetius) and his brother Bleda

* 435AD: Aetius employs Huns to fight Vandals and Franks

* 436AD: Aetius and the Huns destroy the Burgundians

* 439AD: Attila helps Aetius

* 441AD: the Huns raid eastern Roman outposts along the Danube

* 441AD: the Huns sign a peace treaty with the eastern Roman empire

* 445AD: by murdering his brother, Attila becomes sole leader of the Huns, who are centered in Hungary (Pannonia)

* 447AD: the Huns and Valamer's Goths attack the eastern Roman empire in the Balkans and Attila reaches the walls of Constantinople

* 449AD: Attila signs a new treaty with the eastern Roman empire

* 450AD: the new emperor Marcian reneges on the Hun-Roman treaty

* 451AD: Huns travel from Pannonia and attack Gaul but are defeated by Aetius and the Visigoths

* 452AD: Huns cross the Alps but renounce attacking Italy for fear of the plague and Attila concludes peace with Pope Leo

* 453AD: Attila dies

* 454AD: Goths expel Huns from Pannonia

* 454AD: Aetius is murdered by his emperor

* 461AD: the Huns besiege Paris

* 469AD: the Hun king Dengizik dies and the Huns disappear



source : http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/barbars.html

fly_in_d_sky

Originally posted by fleurzsa at 5-6-2005 01:46 PM:
Salam,

Mlm tadi tengok movie ni kat tv.  Hmm kalo beliau tak mati mesti boleh menawan Rome.  

Jgn sangka perempuan ni lemah.

........
mati dlm mabuk dan hidung berdarah
mlm tadi xtgk
cadang nak tgk
tp terlupa .........

fly_in_d_sky

SIAPAKAH HUNS

Many historians consider the Huns (meaning "person" in Mongolian language) the first Mongolian and Turkic people mentioned in European history. They originated from lands between modern-day Siberia and Korea, then migrated progressively westward. References in Chinese sources to peoples called the Xiong-Nu (Hsiung-nu) go back to 1200 BC. Their Xiong "匈" rulers, first mentioned as a family in 1766 BC in the story of Chunwei and the fall of the Xia dynasty, may be the ancestors of the later "Huns" better-known to western scholars, though not all scholars agree on this. Korean legend asserts that an alliance of northern Altaic tribes under a "Huan" ruler from 7193 BC pre-dated the establishment of China.

Ever since Joseph de Guignes in the 18th century identified the Huns with the (H)siung-nu, the debate about the Asian ancestral origins has continued. Recent research has shown that none of the great confederations of steppe warriors was ethnically pure, and to make matters worse, many clans claimed the same name, based on prestige or fame of the name; or it was attributed to them by outsiders describing their common characteristics, believed place of origin, or reputation (to use a modern example, Germans in WWI were often called "Huns" by their opponents). Thus it is fruitless to speculate on the blood origins of the group; rather, the name "Huns" seems to have originally described a prestigious ruling group of steppe warriors.

European Huns

A group known as the "European Huns" arrived in Europe ca. 375, led by Attila the Hun, and is considered, with little certainty, to be the western extension of the royal Xiong family centered around Karaganda. The establishment of the first Hun state marks one of the first well-documented appearances of the culture of horseback migration in history. These tribespeople achieved superiority over their rivals (most of them highly cultured) by their splendid state of military readiness, amazing mobility, and weapons like the Hun bow.

Attila's European Huns, like the eastern Xiongnu, incorporated groups of unrelated tributary peoples. In the European case Alans, Gepids, Scrir, Rugians, Saramatians, Slavs and especially Gothic tribes all united under the Hun family military elite. Attila's Huns eventually settled Hungary, a country that derives its name from them.

Recently, Hungarians who claim to be descendants of Attila have applied to be an officially recognized minority in Hungary. To do so, a group must be able to prove that they have lived in the country for more than 100 years, and get 1000 signatures on a petition. Modern day Huns in Hungary describe themselves as peaceful and gentle. They are far removed from the stereotype of the tribe that raped and pillaged its way across parts of Europe. According to Gyorgy Kisfaludy, who describes himself as the high priest of the Huns, there may be as many as 100,000 Huns in Hungary and beyond its borders. Some commentators have suggested that the move for minority status is just a ploy to receive financial grants.

Xiong-Nu Dynasty

The earliest reference in Chinese sources to a people called the Xiong-Nu (Hsiung-nu) dates to the early 12th century BC, in writings about the campaign by King Wuding "武丁 wǔdīng" of the Shang Dynasty against the Gui Fang 鬼方 [guǐfāng] tribe, regarded as a name of one of the Huns' vassal Nu "奴" tribes. Some vague archaeological finds support this account, but await verification. Bronze inscriptions, and oracular turtle-back bones used in sacrificial worship, prove the historical existence of the campaign, but the Gui Fang did not necessarily equate with the core Hun clan per se.

Many scholars identify the Xiong Nu Xiong with the Huns, because of similar descriptions of their appearance and living habits. Other scholars, confusing the Xiong with their Nu serf and vassal tribes, find differences. Still others argue that any common appearance and habits also appear among various other tribes residing on the Mongolian steppes, and are not identifying characteristics specific to the Xiong and the Huns. Nevertheless, all agree that the two peoples shared aspects that are more than a coincidence.

With the exception of the 43-118 AD "North-South" feud, the Hun dynasty survived as a fairly tight-knit political power until the 4th C., when the Nu "奴" tribes decisively threw off the yoke of the Xiong dynasty. Whether increased squabbling within the Xiong dynasty caused their subjects to lose faith in them, or some other cause occurred, Hun unity came to an end. The rock was shattered, and clans claiming the Hun name (Hunnoi, Chionites, Choni, Xiong, etc.) dispersed as nothing more than piratical raiding bands. They appear to the south in Persia (the Xiyon camel tribes

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List of Important Hun Rulers (Tengrikut/Tangriqut/Shanyu/TarKhaan)

1st Dynasty

c. 1800-1766 BC -> Chungvi / Chunwei / Sunni mythology places
? - 270? BC -> Ta
270 - 240? -> Tangriqut?
240 - 209 -> 頭曼 (Tumen / Tu-Man Tengriqut)
209 - 174 -> Mo-Tun / Mao-Tun / Batur Tengriqut / 冒顿
174 - 161 -> Ki-Ok / Kokkhan / 老上
161 - 126 -> Chun-Chin / Kunkhan / 軍臣
126 - 114 -> I-Tsin-Xien / El'chishye / 伊稚邪
114 - 105 -> Wu-Wey / Uvey / 烏維
105 - 102/1 -> Wu-Shi-Lu-Ir / Uyshilar / 烏師盧
102/1 - 101/0 -> Zhou-Li-Hu / Kulighu / [口句]黎湖

2nd dynasty (Name unknown)

101/0 - 96 -> Chu-Di-Hu / Qutighu / 且提侯
96 -> Possible unknown ruler
96 - 85 ->        Hu-Lu-Ku / Hulugu / 狐鹿姑

3rd dynasty

85 - 68 ->        Huandi / Chuangdi / 壺衍提
68 - 60 ->        Hsu-Lu and Chuan-Chou / Shuluy Qanghuy / 虛閭權渠
60 - 58 -> Uyanquti / 握衍[月句]提
58 - 31 ->        Ho-Han-Yeh / Khukhenye I / 呼韓邪, opposed by:
                Bosiuytang-Zhuki (West) 58 - 56
                Huge (Northwest) 58 - 57
                Cheli (Southwest) 58 - 56
                Uji (Northwest) 58 - 57       
                Zhunzhen (West) 56 - 54
                Zhizhi-Guduhu (East) 55 - 47       

31 - 20 ->        Fu-Chu-Ley-Ju-Di / Pozhulonuti / 復株累若提
20 - 12 -> Su-Xie-Ju-Di / Shuzhunoti / 搜諧若提
12 - 8  -> Che-Ya-Ju-Di/Qiyanoti/車牙若提 opposed by...
               Ulunoti / 烏累若提 11 - 10

8 BC - AD 13 -> Wu-Zhou-Liu-Ju-Di / Uchilonoti / 烏珠留若提

4th (The Split) dynasty

13 - 18 ->        Wu-Ley-Ju-Di / Ulunoti / 烏累若提 [restored]
18 - 46 ->        HuTuIrShiTaoGaoJuDi / GhuduarshiDavganoti / 呼都而尸道皋若提
                opposed by...
                Xiuybudan         18 - 19
                Udatqu         21 - 46

46 ->        Wu-Ta-Ti-Ho 烏達提侯
46 - 48 ->        Pu-Nu / Panu / 蒲奴

North South Feud

From 48, the Hsiung-Nu began a North-South feud lasting until 98.

Rulers of the Northern [or "Western"] Xiong-Nu:

48 - 83 ->        Pu-Nu / Panu / 蒲奴
83 - 84 ->        Sanmolo Otzi / San-Mu-Lu-Tzi
84 - 89 ->        Ulugh / Yu-Liu
89 - 91/3 -> Yu-Chou-Chien
                   91: The Xionu / Xiuno / Hunnoi first appeared in the west
                    near the Caspian Sea as a result of 班超 PanChao's campaign.

91-93 -> El'tekin
93-98 ->        Panghu (?Finghay?)
98-118 ->        Finghay (united North & South) opposed WanSiJuTi

Rulers of the Southern (or Eastern) Xiong-Nu:

48-56/55 -> Hu-Han-Sie-Di / Khukhenye II / 呼韓邪 [第二]
55/56-56/57 -> Chiu-Fu-Yu-Di / Chupunoti / 丘浮尤提
56/57-59 -> I-Fa-Yu-Di / Ilgha Uluti / 伊伐於慮提
59-63 -> XienTungShiChouTi / ShtongsiSuyghuti / 醢僮尸逐侯提
63 -> Kuchi Qilindi / 丘除車林提
63-85 -> HuYehShihChouHuTi / GhushiShisu Quti / 湖邪尸逐侯提
85-88 -> I-Tu-Yi-Lu / Iltu Uluti / 伊屠於閭提
88-93 -> Xiu-Lan-Shi-Hu-Di / Shulan Shisu Quti / 休蘭尸逐侯提
93-94 -> An-Gao / Arqu / 安國
94-98 -> TindushsuQuti / TingTuShiJuHuTi / 亭獨尸逐侯提 deposed by...
98-118 -> Finghey (Panghu?) opposed by...
               Wanchi Shisu Quti / Wan-Si-Ju-Ti / 萬氏尸逐侯提 from 98CE

Hereafter, the Western/Northern tangriquts are no more, and the Eastern Tangriquts take over the whole empire. Wanchi Shisu Quti inherited Finghey's united empire in 118, but it was never what it used to be.

Reunited Xiongnu

118-124 ->  Wanchi Shisu Quti / Wan-Si-Ju-Ti / 萬氏尸逐侯提
124-127/128 -> Wu-Chi-Hu-Shi-Jo / Uzhqushsu Quti / 烏稽侯尸逐提
127/128-140/142 -> Chu-Chi-Ju-Shi-Ju-Ju-Chin / Kutino Shisu Quti / 去特若尸
                              逐就
140 - 143 -> Chu-Xiu

Some sources indicate that in 140 AD, after Kutino Shisu Quti committed suicide, a Tengriqut was not elected and the Hun throne remained vacant until 143 AD.

5th dynasty (Name missing)

143-147         Hu-Lan-Ju-Shi-Ju-Ju-Chin / Ghoranno Shisu Quti / 呼蘭若尸逐就

6th dynasty (Name missing)

147-172/177         I-Ling-Shi-Chou-Chin / Illin Shisu Quti / 伊陵若尸逐就
172-177/178         Utno Shisu Quti / 屠特若尸逐就

7th dynasty (name missing)

177/178-179         Hu-Ching / Ghuzhin / 呼徵

8th dynasty (name missing)

179-188         Chiang-Chu / Qanquy / 羌渠
188-195         Di-Chi-Shi-Chou-Hu / Qizi Shisu Quti / 特至尸逐侯
195-215/6         Hu-Chou-Chuan / Ghochuqan / 呼廚泉
215-290         Xiongnu partitioned into 5 local tribes
290         Xiongnu reunified


9th dynasty [Bei Han 北漢]

290         Liu Yuan-Hai [刘元海] or Liu Yuan [劉淵]
304-309         Beihan
309-310         Liu He [刘和]
310-318         Liu Tsung [劉聰]
318         Liu Ts'an [劉粲]

10th Dynasty

Bei Han is known from 319 as "Former Zhao". During this dynasty, Xiyonites/Chionites or "Red Huns" start to harry Persia. The sovereignty of Han and Former Zhao was collectively known as the Han Zhao.

318-329 -> Liu Yao [劉曜] opposed by...

11th Dynasty Later Zhao

319-333         Gao Zu [高祖]
333-334         Hai Yang Wang [海陽王]
334-349         Tai Zu [太祖]
349         Shi Shi [石世]
349         Shi Zun [石遵]
349-350         Shih Jian [石鑒]
350         Shih Zhi [石祗]
350-352         Ran Min [冉閔] or Shi Min [石閔]

b12th Dynasty [Name ?Kama?]

The Hua & Xiong divided the Huns, and drove most of the remaining Huns westward out of China during their expansion. Kama was a legendary ancestor-King, mentioned in Eastern Hunnic sources, particularly among those who formed the Altyn Oba Horde. There is no one among the Hsiung rulers whose name sounds much like "Kama Tarkhan", but if he existed, he might have been the otherwise unnamed chief who took the Huns westward into the Ukrainian steppes. He may have been the ruler of Alchoni who pushed the Kidarite Huns into India. His realm may therefore have spread from the Ukraine to Bactria. The last remnants of the Huns east of the Hua in China managed to raise their heads again from 407

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Latar belakang

Huns Europah kemungkinannya merupakan perkembangan Xiongnu[Xiōngn鷀, [匈奴] n. kearah barat, sekumpulan proto-Mongolian atau proto-Turki kaum nomad dari timur laut China dan Asia Tengah. Mereka mencapai kelebihan ketenteraan menumpaskan musuh mereka (kebanyakannya bertamadun dan mempunyai kebudayaan tinggi) melalui kesediaan untuk bertempur, kemampuan untuk bergerak dengan kepantasan yang mengkagumkan, dan senjata seperti busar Hun.

Empire Hunnish merangkumi steppes Asia Tengah sehingga Jerman moden, dan dari sungai Danube sehingga Laut Baltic

Menjelang 432, Huns bersatu di bawah were Rua. Pada tahun 434 Rua meninggal, meninggalkan anak saudaranya Attila dan Bleda, anak kepada saudara lelakinya Mundzuk, mengawal persekutuan suku-kaum Hun. Pada ketika penabalan mereka, kaum Huns sedang berunding dengan wakil Theodosius II mengenai pemulangan beberapa kaum yang berpaling tadah yang mencari perlindungan di Empire Byzantine.

Pada tahun berikutnya, Attila dan Bleda bertemu dengan wakil imperial [imperial legation] di Margus [masa kini Po瀉revac] dan, kesemua mereka duduk dibelakang kuda menurut adat kaum Hun, berunding perjanjian yang berjaya: orang Rom bersetuju untuk memulangkan kaum pelarian [yang merupakan bantuan diperlukan bagi menentang Vandals], tetapi juga menganda hantaran 350 paun Rom [sekitar. 114.5 kg] emas dahulu, membuka pasar mereka kepada pedagang Hun, dan membayar tebusan lapan siling solidus bagi setiap orang tahanan Rom yang ada pada puak Huns. Puak Huns, berpuas hati dengan perjanjian tersebut, beredar dari empayar dan bergerak ketengah benua, kemungkinannya untuk mengukuh dan mengemas empayar mereka. Theodosius menggunakan peluang ini bagi mengukuhkan dinding Constantinople, membina dinding laut bandar Constantinople yang pertama, dan membina pertahanan sempadan sepanjang Danube.

Berpuas hati buat seketika, raja-raja Hun kings berundur kependalaman empayar mereka. Menurut Jordanes [menurut Priscus], tidak lama semasa keamanan selepas pengunduran Huns daripada Byzantium [kemungkinannya sekitar 445], Bleda mmeninggal, dan Attila menduduki takhta seorang diri. Terdapat perdebatan dikalangan pakar sejarah mengenai samaada Attila membunuh saudaranya, atau samaada Bleda meninggal disebabkan sebab lain. Dalam sebarang kes, Attila sekarang merupakan ketua yang tidak dipertikaikan bagi puah Huns, dan sekali lagi memberi perhatiannya kepada bahagian timur Empayarnya.

Pemerintah tunggal

Constantinople menghadapi bencana alam dan bencana perbuatan manusia utama dalam tahun-tahun berikut selepas pemergian Huns: rusuhan berdarah antara puak pelumba bagi Hippodrome; wabak pada tahun 445 dan 446, yang kedua berlaku selepas kebuluran; dan gempa bumi yang berturut-turut selama 4 bulan yang meruntuhkan kebanyakan dinding pertahanan dan membunuh beribu-ribu orang, menyebabkan epidemik. Yang terakhir berlaku pada tahun 447, sejurus selepas Attila, mengukuhkan kuasanya, sekali lagi menunggang keselatan ke empayar menerusi Moesia. Tentera Rom, bawah pimpinan Gothik magister militum Arnegisclus, berhadapan dengannya di sungai Vid dan dikalahkan梩etapi berjaya mengakibatkan kerugian teruk. Puak Huns bebas tanpa tentangan dan merompak seluruh Balkans sejauh Thermopylae; Constantinople sendiri diselamatkan dengan campur tangan prefect Flavius Constantinus, yang mengatur warganegaranya untuk membaiki dinding yang dirosakkan oleh gempa bumi (dan di sesetengah bahagian, untuk membina dinding pertahanan baru di hadapan dinding lama). Keterangan mengenai pencerobohan ini terselamat:

    Negara liar (barbarian) Huns, yang berada di Thrace, menjadi begitu kukuh sehinggakan lebih seratus bandar ditawan dan Constantinople hampir terjerumus dalam kecelakaan dan ramai yang lari darinya. . . . Dan terdapat begitu banyak pembunuhan dan pertumpahan darah sehingga mereka yang terkorban tidak terkira. Sungguhnya, kerana mereka menawan gereja dan (monasteries) dan membunuh (monks) dan perawan dalam jumlah yang besar.

Attila meminta, sebagai syarat perdamaian, bahawa pihak Rom terus membayar hantaran dalam bentuk emas梔an meninggalkan jalur tanah sepanjang tiga ratus batu di barat Sigindunum (Belgrade) dan sehingga seratus batu selatan Danube. Perbincangan berterusan antara Rom dan Hun untuk selama tiga tahun. Sejarahwan Priscus di hantar sebagai wakil ke perkhemahan Attila pada tahun 448, dan serpihan lapurannya dikekalkan oleh Jordanes memberikan sekilas pandang mengenai Attila antara isteri-isterinya yang ramai, pelawak Scythian, dan badut Moor, impassive and unadorned amid the splendor of the courtiers:

    Hidangan mewah, dihidangkan dalam pinggan perak, disediakan untuk kami dan para jemputan gasar, tetapi Attila tidak makan selain daging atas bekas kayu (trencher). Dalam semua hal, dia terbukti serdahana; cawannya dari kayu, sementara para hadiran diberikan gelas berkaki (goblets) emas dan perak. Pakaiannya, juga, ringkas, hanya memerlukan yang bersih. Pedang yang dibawanya dipinggannya, ikatan pada kasut Scythiannya, tali kelangkang kudanya tidak dihias, seperti Scythians lain, dengan emas permata atau barangan berharga.

"Lantai bilik dihampar dengan hamparan bulu untuk dipijak," tulis Priscus.

Semasa tiga tahun itu, menurut lagenda ditulis oleh Jordanes, Attila mendapat "Pedang Marikh (Sword of Mars)":

    Sejarahwan Priscus mengatakan ia dijumpai dalam keadaan berikut: "Apabila pengembala tertentu melihat salah seekor anak lembu (heifer) dalam kawanannya tempang dan tidak dapat mencari punca luka ini, dia dengan resah mengikut jejak darah dan akhirnya dia berjumpa dengan pedang yang terpijak ketika meragut rumput. Penggembala tersebut menggali dan membawanya terus kepada Attila. Attila amat gembira dengan hadiah ini, dan bercita-cita tinggi, memikirkan dia telah dipilih sebagai pemerintah dunia, dan dengan pedang Marikh kejayaannya dalam segala pertempuran sudah terjamin.

      

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Attila di barat

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Sehingga akhir 450, Attila telah mengumumkan niatnya untuk menyerang kerajaan Visigoth di Toulouse yang berkuasa dengan persekutuan dengan Maharaja Valentinian III. Dia sebelumnya berada dalam perhubungan baik dengan Empayar barat dab pemerintah (de facto) mutlaknya Flavius Aetius桝etius telah menghabiskan buangan sementara dikalangan Huns pada tahun 433, dan tentera yang dibekalkan oleh Attila bagi menentang Goths dan Bagaudae telah mendapatkan baginya gelaran kehormat magister militum di barat. Hadiah dan usaha diplomatik oleh Geiseric, yang menentang dan takutkan Visigoths, mungkin juga mempengaruhi rancangan Attila.

Bagaimanapun saudara perempuan Valentinian, Honoria, dalam usaha mengelakkan pertunangan paksa dengan seorang senator, telah menghantar utusan 梔an cincinnya&mdash bagi merayu bantuan daripada raja Hun; pada musim bunga 450. Walaupun Honoria mungkin tidak bermaksud lamaran untuk perkahwinan, Attila memilih untuk mentafsir perutusannya sebegitu; dia menerima, meminta separuh daripada Empayar barat sebagai mas kahwin (dowry). Apabila Valentinian mengetahui rancangan tersebut, hanya pengaruh ibunya Galla Placidia menyakinkannya untuk menyingkir, bukannya membunuh, Honoria; dia juga menulis surat kepada Attila membantah dengan tegas mengenai sahnya cadangan perkahwinan itu. Attila, tidak yakin, menghantar perwakilan ke Ravenna untuk mengumumkan Honoria tidak bersalah, dan lamaran tersebut adalah sah, dan dia akan datang untuk mendapatkan apa yang kepunyannya.

Sementara itu, Theodosius meninggal dalam kejadian menunggang, penggantinya Marcian membatalkan hantaran Hunspada akhir 450; dan pencerobohan berulang, oleh Huns dan yang lain, meninggalkan Balkans tiada apa untuk dirompak. Raja Salian Franks telah meninggal, dan perebutan takhta antara diua anaknya menimbulkan jurang antara Attila dan Aetius: Attila menyokong anak sulong, sementara Aetius menyokong siadik1. J.B. Bury percaya bahawa tujuan Attila, ketika dia bergerak ke arah barat, adalah untuk mengembangkan empayarnya梱ang sudahpun merupakan paling kuat di benua梞enyeberang Gaul ke persisiran Lautan Atlantik2. Pada masa Attila mengumpulkan penyokong-penyokongnya桮epids, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians, Heruls, Thuringians, Alans, Burgundians, dll. al.梔an mula bergerak ke barat, dia telahpun mengistiharkan niatnya untuk mendirikan perikatan dengan kedua-dua Visigoths dan dan Rom.

Pada tahun 451, dia tiba di Belgica dengan tentera yang dilapurkan oleh Jordanes sebagai berjumlah setengah juta dan menunjukkan hasrat sebenarnya. Pada 7 April, dia menawan Metz, dan Aetius bergerak untuk menghalangnya, mengumpul tentera dikalangan puak Franks, Burgundians, dan Celts. Misi oleh Avitus, dan pergerakan berterusan Attila kearah barat, menyakinkan raja Visigoth, Theodoric I (Theodorid) untuk bersekutu dengan Rom. Gabungan kedua tentera sampai di Orleans sebelum Attila3, dengan itu menghalang dan mengundurkan kemaraan orang-orang Hun. Aetius mengejar dan bertembung dengan puak Hun ditempat yang biasanya dijangkakan berhampiran dengan Ch鈒ons-en-Champagne. Kedua tentera bertempur dalam Pertempuran Chalons, yang berakhir dengan kemenangan bagi perikatan Gothic-Roman, walaupun Theodoric terbunuh dalam pertempuran. Attila berundur dibelakang sempadan, dan persekutuan itu dengan cepatnya bubar.


source : wikipedia.com

fly_in_d_sky

Lukisan Raphael Perjumpaan antara Leo Agung dan Atilla (The Meeting between Leo the Great and Attila) menunjukkan Leo I, dengan Saint Peter dan Saint Paul di atasnya, berjumpa dengan Attila

Penjajahan Itali dan kematiannya

Attila kembali pada tahun 452 untuk menuntut kembali perkahwinan Honoria, menjajah dan memusnahkan Itali sepanjang jalan; tenteranya merompak banyak bandar dan meratakan Aquileia sepenuhnya, tidak meninggalkan apa-apa kesan yang tinggal. Valentinian berundur dari Ravenna ke Rome; Aetius kekal di lapangan tetapi tiada kekuatan untuk bertempur. Attila akhirnya berhenti di Po, di mana dia bertemu dengan duta termasuk (prefect) Trigetius, consul Aviennus, dan Pope Leo I. Selepas perjumpaan tersebut mengundurkan tenteranya kembali, tanpa menuntut samaada perkahwinan Honoria maupun jajahan yang diingininya.

Beberapa penjelasan mengenai tindakannya telah diajukan. Wabak dan kebuluran yang serentak dengan penjajahannya mungkin melemahkan tenteranya, atau tentera yang dihantar Marcian menyeberangi sungai Danube mungkin memberikannya sebab untuk berundur, atau mungkin kedua-duanya. Priscus melapurkan bahawa bimbang dengan kepercayaan karut mengenai nasib yang menimpa Alaric梱ang mati tidak lama selepas merompak Rome pada tahun 410梞enyebabkan raja Hun was-was.

Walau apapun sebabnya, Attila meninggalkan Itali dan kembali ke istananya diseberang Danube. Di sana dia merancang untuk menyerang Constantinople sekali lagi dan menuntuk hantaran yang dibatalkan oleh Marcian. Bagaimanapun, dia mati pada awal 453; maklumat semasa (conventional account), dari Priscus, menyatakan bahawa pada malam semasa menyambut perkahwinan terbarunya (dengan Goth bernama Ildico), dia mendapat pendarahan hidung yang teruk dan sesak sehingga mati. Pahlawannya, apabila menyedari kematiannya, meratapinya dengan memotong rambut mereka dan mengelar diri mereka dengan pedang agar, menurut Jordanes, "pahlawan teragung tidak sepatutnya diratapi dengan ratapan wanita dan air mata, tetapi dengan darah lelaki." Atilla dikebumikan dalam keranda tiga lapis 梔ari emas, perak, dan besi梔engan rampasan perang, dan ahli pengkebumiannya dibunuh untuk menrahsiakan tempat penkebumiannya. Selepas kematiannya, dia kekal sebagai watak lagenda: watak Etzel dalam Nibelungenlied dan Atli dalam kedua saga Volsunga dan Poetic Edda secara kasarnya berdasarkan kehidupannya.

Anak-anak Atilla, Ellak (waris dilantik), Dengizik, dan Ernak bergaduh merebut warisannya dan, berpecah, dikalahkan dan disinkir bertebaran pada tahun berikutnya dalam Pertempuran Nedao. Empire Attila tidak kekal selepasnya.

Lakaran Attila the Hun, kemungkinannya dari 1800an , menggambarkannya sebagai Eropah, walaupun gambaran yang ada mengenai perwatakannya menyatakan "hidung penyek dan [swarthy complexion]" sebagai ciri-cirinya.

Sumber utama bagi maklumat mengenai Attila adalah Priscus, sejarahwan yang mengembara bersama Maximin sebagai duta dari Theodosius II pada tahun 448. Dia menggambarkan kampung yang dibina dan diduduki oleh orang Huns nomad sebagai bersaiz bandar besar dengan dinding kayu kukuh. Dia menggambarkan Atilla sendiri sebagai:

    "rendah, dengan dada bidang dan berkepala besar; matanya kecil, janggutnya nipis dan beruban; dan berhidung kemik dan (swarthy complexion), menunjukkan asal-usulnya."

Penampilan fizikal Attila kemungkinan besar seperti jenis Asia Timur atau Mongolian, atau kemungkinannya campuran jenis ini dan orang Turki Asia tengah. Malah, dia kemungkinannya menunjukkan ciri-ciri Asia Timur yang tidak biasa dilihat oleh orang Eropah dengan itu mereka sering menggambarkannya dengan istilah teruk.

Attila dikenali dalam sejarah dan tradisi Barat sebagai Musuh Tuhan - "Scourge of God", dan namanya menjadi lambang bagi kekejaman dan gasar - (barbarism). Sesetengah dari ini mungkin muncul dari conflation of his traits, dalam imaginasi popular, with those perceived in later steppe warlords such as the Mongol Genghis Khan and Tamerlane: kesemuanya dicampur sebagai kejam, bijak, dan peminat sanguinary perperangan dan merompak. Perwatakan sebenarnya mungkin lebih rumit. Puak Huns zaman Attila telah bergaul dengan tamadun Rom agak lama, sebahagian besarnya melalui foederati Jerman disempadan梔engan itu ketika duta Theodosius pada tahun 448, Priscus mampu mengenalpasti bahasa Hunnic, bahasa Gothic, dan Latin sebagai tiga bahasa utama puak Hun. Priscus juga mengisahkan pertemuannya dengan tawanan Rom timur yang begitu diserap kedalam cara hidup puak Huns sehinggakan dia tidak lagi ingin kembali kenegara asalnya, dan gambaran sejarahwan Byzantine mengenai kehidupan ringkas dan rendah diri Attila jelas menunjukkan kekagumannya.

Konteks sejarah kehidupan Attila memainkan peranan besar dalam membentuk imejnya: dipenghujung tahun terakhir Empayar barat, pergeserannya dengan Aetius (sering kali dikenali sebagai "Rom terakhir") dan kelainan kebudayaannya kedua-dua membantu meletakkan dia sebagai orang gasar yang ganas dan musuh peradapan, sebagaimana sering digambarkan dalam pelbagai rilem dan kerja seni lain. Epik Jerman yang memaparkan Atilla memberikan gambaran yang lebih seimbang: dia merupakan rakan yang bangsawan dan pemurah, seperti Etzel dalam Nibelungenlied, dan sebagai seorang yang bakhil yang kejam (cruel miser), seperti Atli dalam Volsunga Saga dan Poetic Edda. Sungguhpun begitu, sejarah negara tertentu, sentiasa menggambarkannya sebagai bagus; di Hungary dan Turki nama Attila (kadang kala sebagai Atilla dalam bahasa Turki) dan isteri terakhirnya Ildik

fly_in_d_sky

Selected Thoughts of Atilla the Hun

Written reports have purpose only if read by the king.

A wise chieftan never kills the Hun bearing bad news. Rather, the wise chieftan kills the Hun who fails to deliver bad news.

Great chieftains never take themselves too seriously.

A Hun can achieve anything for which he is willing to pay the price.

Every decision involves some risk.

A wise chieftan gives tough assignments to Huns who can rise to the challenge.

When in a political war, a Hun must always keep an eye to the rear.

Huns only make enemies on purpose.

Critical to a Hun's success is a clear understanding of what the King wants.

Never appoint acting chieftans.

Appoint the most capable Hun, give her both responsibility and authority, then hold her accountable.

A Hun's perception is reality for him.

Huns who appear to be busy are not always working.

Every Hun has value -- even if only to serve as a bad example.

It is best for your friends and foes to speak well of you; however, it is better for them to speak poorly of you than not at all.

When nothing can be said of a Hun, she has probably accomplished nothing very well.

Contrary to what most chieftans think, you are not remembered by what you did in the past, but by what most Huns think you did.

Every Hun is responsible for shaping his life circumstances and experiences into success -- no other Hun, and certainly no Roman, can do for a Hun what he neglects to do for himself.

Some Huns have solutions for which there are no problems.

Suffer long for mediocre but loyal Huns. Suffer not for competent but  disloyal Huns.



source : http://www.realm-of-shade.com/zarathustra/attila.html

fly_in_d_sky

THE LESSONS OR SECRETS OF ATTILA

#1: YOU'VE GOT TO WANT TO BE IN CHARGE -- You've got to be ruthlessly ambitious. Never be bored, disinterested, or cowardly in any way about always strengthening your position. Good leaders are lustful leaders. Power is like sex, but don't appear overeager, just extremely determined to succeed under any circumstances, fair or unfair. [This will inspire confidence in those you lead]

#2: ALWAYS APPEAR AS THE ONE IN CHARGE -- Dress appropriately for your high station in life. Own the biggest horse and sword. Be first in everything, but never appear pompous. [Be marked with armament that distinguishes you from the masses]

#3: MAKE OTHERS ADAPT TO YOUR "CUSTOMS" -- Make people do things your way, not their way. Make them adjust or adapt to you. Express this as the way things are going to be from now on, or pretend it's the way things have always been. Refuse to acknowledge any other way of doing things other than the way you do things. [This will extract tribute and praise from those you lead]

#4: NEVER CONDONE A LACK OF MORALE OR DISCIPLINE -- Terminate people at the first sign of disrespect for the common good, but by no means stiffle individualism or punish the innocent who don't know the common good.  Definitely, do not allow uncontrolled celebration. Pillaging and looting are only fun if done in the name of nationalism.  [Discipline will build morale]

#5: NEVER TOLERATE ANYONE WITH THEIR OWN AMBITIONS -- People who are "cunning" are dangerous, especially new people who have just joined the organization. Be vigilant about how people lose their ambition and become team players; that is the pattern you want everyone to follow. Never reward anyone for what is a common effort. [The spirit of unity must prevail]

#6: PERPETUATE A LEGEND OR REPUTATION FOR YOURSELF -- Find out whatever it is that your worst enemy calls you, and try hard to live up to it, with a passion.  This will have its advantages to you whenever you need to use your fury and power, and it will accumulate minor privileges to you along the way. [You are your reputation]

#7: PICK YOUR ENEMIES WISELY -- Do not consider all opponents, or everyone you argue with, as enemies.  These are accidental enemies.  Choose your enemies with purpose. They may be people you have friendly relations with, and in fact, you should let them think of you as a friend, all the while never telling them anything, and lulling them into a state of complacence and acting prematurely. [Do not make enemies unless you mean it]

#8: EXPECT CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT -- You must encourage learning and innovation among those you lead. This can be done in several ways, by creating competitions among the people.  Never allow them to wander aimlessly.  Regularly upgrade your standards of performance. [This fulfills most of a leader's duties]

#9: USE TIMING IN MAKING DECISIONS -- Never rush a decision, although sometimes you have to because the moment is ripe or an omen exists. It's better to use timing, to find the obscure places and critical elements needed to ensure you always make the right decision.  This way, you ensure that even a less-than-perfect decision is followed. [Time your decisions]

#10: EXPLOIT THE DESIRE TO ENJOY THE SPOILS OF WAR -- Harness your peoples' desires for short-term gains.  Grant small rewards for light tasks. Reserve heaps of booty for other times, and be generous with items that hold a value to yourself. [Never underestimate the ability to buy obedience]

#11: ONLY ENGAGE IN WARS YOU CAN WIN -- Use diplomacy, negotiation, or other techniques of conflict in battles you cannot win. When in a political war, always keep an eye to your rear. When in an external war, go all out. [Waging war is a natural condition]



source : http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/417/417lect02a.htm

fly_in_d_sky

God Terrifies Attila the Hun

One of the most perplexing puzzles of Christianity and world history is what happened at the meeting of Attila, king of the Huns, and Pope Leo I in AD 452, which persuaded Attila not to attack and destroy Rome and to give up killing the Christians. Modern history books do not answer this question.

The answer can be found in the famous codex Illustrated Chronicle of Mark Kalt which presents the origins and history of the Huns and Magyars (Hungarians), two tribes. This codex was written in Latin between AD 1358 and 1370 and its full title is: Chronicon pictum, Marci de Kalt, Chronica de gestis Hungarorum, that is Illustrated Chronicle, Mark Kalt's Chronicle About the Deeds of the Hungarians (see one of its pages in the picture).

This codex is a historical and literary masterpiece, wonderfully illustrated with miniatures, and contains the most complete text of Gesta Hungarorum (The Deeds of the Hungarians). It is one of the most trustworthy documents on early Hungarian history, and it is presently stored in the National Sz閏h閚yi Library in Budapest. The codex was translated into Hungarian in 1857 and 1959 respectively.

According to the codex, when Attila and Pope Leo met, the fierce king was frightened by a peculiar supernatural event. See below for prior events and details.

The codex says that the Huns and Magyars (Hungarians) arrived in Scythia from the region of Meotis (Sea of Azov), near Persia. 揟he region of Scythia lies in Europe, and reaches to the east. On one side it is bordered by the North Sea, on the other by the mountains of Rifeus, on the eastern side by Asia, and on the western side by the River Ethel, i.e. Don ... It is said that Scythia is 360 miles long and 190 miles wide

fly_in_d_sky

Attila's wedding night. In this film the alternate theory on his death is presented: that he was poisoned by his wife. [Gerard Butler as Attila in USAnetwork's "Attila."]

source : http://www.allempires.com/empires/huns/huns1.htm

fly_in_d_sky

The Hun Society

According to westerners, the Huns lived, ate, and sleep on horseback, and that they would become dizzy when setting foot on the ground. While this may be a bit of an exaggeration, we can see that compared to westerners, the horse was a highly important part of their society. In the steppes, horses were a necessity for travel, hunting, wealth, survival, and of course, warfare. In short, it was their way of life. It is no surprise how these points are emphasize by western accounts.

Because of the great interest Attila had in gold and plunder, we can infer that the wealth and power were greatly interdependent. After a successful campaign, the higher-ranking officers received almost all the spoils, and the spoils were important in securing high positions.
The empire was run by a group of officers either selected by Attila or was inherited through lineage. These officers served as administrators or as commanders who had direct control over a small "personal" army. Because skilled administrators were hard to fine, kings of conquered territories were often re-employed as administrators. For the most part, these subject kings were loyal to the Hun central authority.

The Hun Military

Like other steppe people, Hun warriors fought exclusively as cavalry, and their warriors relied on the mobility of their horses and the penetration power of their composite bows. Like other steppe people, the Huns were natural warriors, having shot a bow and ridden on a horse for his entire life. On the battlefield, the Huns would fire a shower of arrows, inflicting casualties in long range.

When the enemies try to close in they would gallop away while turning their bodies and firing their bows at the enemy. Many Europeans, barbarians especially, were unused to such hit and run tactics, and thus were at a disadvantage. The proficiency of Hun warriors made them a popular choice as mercenaries. The Hun mercenary force was decisive in victory of the East Romans over the West Romans in the battle of Sisca in 388.

Nobles usually wore armor, most likely scale armor, while regulars wore little or none. Shields and helmets were commonly issued to all warriors alike. Besides their famed composite bow, the Huns also occasionally carried swords, lances, and other irregular weapons such as lassos.

The Hun army has always been exaggerated in size to promote their ferocity. Accounts claim the size of Attila's army at Catalaunian plains being at 200,000. A more realistic and reasonable size would be around 30,000. Accounts also describe that the Huns eventually switched from being a cavalry army to an infantry army. The "infantry" Hun army was not because they had dismounted, but because of other barbarians infantry that the Huns incorporated into their army. At Catalaunian Plains, at least half of Attila's army was other barbarians, namely Germans and Ostrogoths. Finally, there is the matter of siegecraft. In a siege during Attila's Italian campaign, it was noted that the Huns themselves failed to storm the walls while the "other barbarians" in his army did. From this, we can imply that the Hun siegecraft was only as good as the other barbarians that they incorporated into their army. But the consistent success and the numerous cities that Attila did capture make this a point to ponder.

List of Kings

Balamber (240 AD-?)
Uldin (390-411 AD)
Donatus (? -412 AD)
Charato (411 AD-?)
Octar (? - 431 AD) - Shared power with Rua (?)
Rua (? - 434 AD) - Sole ruler in 432
Bleda (434- 445 AD) Dual kingship with Attila
Attila (434-453 AD)
Ellac (453-455 AD)
Dengizik (?-469 AD)

Note: It is difficult to come up with a list of rulers for the Huns because of the lack of information, and fact that the Huns before Attila were more of a confederation and thus did not have a rigid definition of a king. Attila was probably the only king ever to achieve entire control over the Huns.

Timeline

370 AD - Hun expansion into Eastern Europe. Defeats Alans and Ostrogoths
             along the way.
395 AD - Mass raid into Armenia
400 AD - Attila is born
434 AD - Death of Rua and succession of Attila and Bleda
440 AD - Treaty of Margus with the Eastern Roman Empire
441 AD - Attila invades the Eastern Roman Empire
443 AD - Second campaign against the Eastern Roman Empire. First Peace
              of Anatolius is signed.
436?-39? AD - Eastward expansion of the Huns
445? AD - Bleda dies. Attila assumes total control over the Huns.
447 AD - Third Campaign against the Eastern Romans. Second Peace of
              Anatolius is signed.
449 AD - Roman attempt to assassinate Attila Fails. Thrid Peace of Anatolius
              is signed.
450 AD - Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius dies, succeeded by Marcian.
             Marcian withdraws from the treaties with the Huns made during
             Theodosius's reign and terminates the annual tributes to the Huns
             set by the Peace of Anatolius.
451 AD - Attila's campaign into Gaul. Repulsed at Catalaunian Plains (aka
              Chalons)
452 AD - Attila's campaign into Northern Italy.
453 AD - Marries Ildiko and dies on the night of the marriage.
451 AD - Ellak, Attila's successor, dies
469 AD - Dengizik, successor of Ellak, dies. End of the Hunnic Empire.
             Surviving Huns settle in Scythia and is said to have then merged
             with the Bulgars.


source : http://www.allempires.com/empires/huns/huns1.htm

dory_ann

Originally posted by fly_in_d_sky at 5-6-2005 03:04 PM:

THE LESSONS OR SECRETS OF ATTILA

#1: YOU'VE GOT TO WANT TO BE IN CHARGE -- You've got to be ruthlessly ambitious. Never be  ...

bagus tips ni....rasa nyer kalah donald trump....

fly_in_d_sky

lain org lain caranyer kan .....?
:bgrin:

HangPC2

puak hun ader kene mengene dengan negara hungary

HangPC2

Patut lah Maharaja Dinasti Qin (China) membina tembok besar cina

fly_in_d_sky

Originally posted by HangPC2 at 6-6-2005 02:06 PM:
puak hun ader kene mengene dengan negara hungary

yep ada .......

History of Hungary

In the time of the Roman Empire, the Romans called this province Pannonia. After Rome fell, Hungary, like the other provinces, was affected by the migrations. First came the Huns, who built up under Attila the powerful Hunnish Empire. The name 揌ungary

fly_in_d_sky

Pra Sejarah Dan Sejarah Awal Negara Hungary

The Great Migration of Peoples (c. 375 - c. 568); the Slavs ( c. 500