BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA...APA KHABAR SEKARANG

tongkatali · Post time 26-5-2009 10:54 AM

PERSEKUTUAN BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA

KEDUDUKAN BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA DI EROPAH

BENDERA BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA

Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Semalam aku tengok dokumentari dalam National Geographic...cerita pasal rantau Balkan...antaranya Bosnia...jadi terkenanglah kisah perang kemerdekaan Bosnia yang bermula pada March 1992 hingga November 1995...jadi apa khabar Bosnia sekarang....

[ Last edited by tongkatali at 27-5-2009 20:27 ]

tongkatali · Post time 26-5-2009 11:10 AM

THE INTRODUCTION

Bosnia and Herzegovina /?b?zn?? ?nd ?h??rts?go??vi?n?/ (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina; Serbian Cyrillic: ????? ? ???????????) is a country in southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula with an area of 51,129 square kilometres (19,741 sq mi). Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the south, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for 26 kilometres of Adriatic Sea coastline, centered on the town of Neum. The interior of the country is mountainous in the center and south, hilly in the northwest, and flat in the northeast. Bosnia is the largest geographic region of the modern state with a moderate continental climate, marked by hot summers and cold, snowy winters. Smaller Herzegovina is at the southern tip of the country, with a Mediterranean climate and topography. Bosnia and Herzegovina's natural resources are highly abundant.

The country is home to three ethnic "constituent peoples": Bosniaks, the most numerous population group of Bosnia, with Serbs in second and Croats in third. Regardless of ethnicity, a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina is often identified in English as a Bosnian. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the distinction between a Bosnian and a Herzegovinian is maintained as a regional, rather than an ethnic distinction. The country is politically decentralized and comprises two governing entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, with District Br?ko as a de facto third entity.

Formerly one of the six federal units constituting the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina gained its independence during the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. Bosnia and Herzegovina can be described as a federal democratic republic that is transforming its economy into a market-oriented system, and it is a potential candidate for membership in the European Union and NATO. Additionally, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a member of the Council of Europe since April 24, 2002 and a founding member of the Mediterranean Union upon its establishment on July 13, 2008.

tongkatali · Post time 26-5-2009 11:11 AM

BOSNIAN WAR

The 1990 parliamentary elections led to a national assembly dominated by three ethnically-based parties, which had formed a loose coalition to oust the communists from power. Croatia and Slovenia's subsequent declarations of independence and the warfare that ensued placed Bosnia and Herzegovina and its three constituent peoples in an awkward position. A significant split soon developed on the issue of whether to stay with the Yugoslav federation (overwhelmingly favored among Serbs) or seek independence (overwhelmingly favored among Bosniaks and Croats). The Serb members of parliament, consisting mainly of the Serb Democratic Party members, abandoned the central parliament in Sarajevo, and formed the Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina on October 24, 1991, which marked the end of the tri-ethnic coalition that governed after the elections in 1990. This Assembly established the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on January 9, 1992, which became Republika Srpska in August 1992. On November 18, 1991, the party branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina of the ruling party in the Republic of Croatia, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), proclaimed the existence of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a separate "political, cultural, economic and territorial whole," on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with Croat Defence Council (HVO) as its military part.[12] The Bosnian government did not recognize it. The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared Herzeg-Bosnia illegal, first on September 14, 1992 and again on January 20, 1994.

A declaration of Bosnia and Herzegovina sovereignty in October 1991 was followed by a referendum for independence from Yugoslavia in February and March 1992 boycotted by the great majority of the Serbs. The turnout in the independence referendum was 63.7% and 92.7% voted for independence.[13] Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence shortly afterwards. Following a tense period of escalating tensions and sporadic military incidents, open warfare began in Sarajevo on April 6.

Secret discussions between Franjo Tu?man and Slobodan Milo歟vi? on the division of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Serbia and Croatia were held as early as March 1991 known as Kara?or?evo agreement. Following the declaration of independence of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbs attacked different parts of the country. The state administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina effectively ceased to function having lost control over the entire territory. The Serbs wanted all lands where Serbs had a majority, eastern and western Bosnia. The Croats and their leader Franjo Tu?man also aimed at securing parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina as Croatian. The policies of the Republic of Croatia and its leader Franjo Tu?man towards Bosnia and Herzegovina were never totally transparent and always included Franjo Tu?man抯 ultimate aim of expanding Croatia抯 borders. Bosnian Muslims, the only ethnic group loyal to the Bosnian government, were an easy target, because the Bosnian government forces were poorly equipped and unprepared for the war.

International recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina increased diplomatic pressure for the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) to withdraw from the republic's territory which they officially did. However, in fact, the Bosnian Serb members of JNA simply changed insignia, formed the Army of Republika Srpska, and continued fighting. Armed and equipped from JNA stockpiles in Bosnia, supported by volunteers and various paramilitary forces from Serbia, and receiving extensive humanitarian, logistical and financial support from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Republika Srpska's offensives in 1992 managed to place much of the country under its control.

Initially, the Serb forces attacked the non-Serb civilian population in Eastern Bosnia. Once towns and villages were securely in their hands, the Serb forces

dax_wdw · Post time 26-5-2009 11:30 AM

bosnia skang berkembang pesat, ade byk syarikat kontraktor dr malaysia dpt projek kat sana. bagus gak ikatan cmni. win2 situation

tongkatali · Post time 26-5-2009 11:39 AM

Bila teringat akan Bosnia ni teringat pasal semangat perjuangan mereka...semangat perjuangan Islam mereka, walaupun buat seketika dilenakan oleh komunis...namun Perang Bosnia merupakan KAFARAH terhadap dosa-dosa mereka selama ini...kesannya terbit pucuk-pucuk muda yang baru dengan semangat perjuangan Islam yang kental.

p/s...Dunia pasti akan teringat akan tokoh jihad Bosnia yang agung iaitu Alia Izzetbegovic atau Ali Izzat...dialah yang meniupkan semangat jihad di kalangan orang-orang BOSNIAK (Islam Bosnia)...dan tak lupa...mantan PM TUN MAHATHIR yang banyak membantu perjuangan Islam di sana...hingga ke hari ini TUN MAHATHIR amat dipuja di sana sebagai antara pemimpin Islam yang banyak berjasa membantu perjuangan orang-orang Bosniak.

WonBin · Post time 26-5-2009 12:17 PM

Haji Hadi Awang Boroi 3 Bini tak femes ker kat sana ? itu ler pejuang Isele yang tulen

alphawolf · Post time 26-5-2009 12:28 PM

Aku suka cerita camni....Bosnia kena henyak Serb sebabagai kafarah dosa mereka... yang Palestin dah 60 tahun tu apa dosa depa pulak?

Nazrulism · Post time 26-5-2009 02:12 PM

Originally posted by alphawolf at 26-5-2009 12:28
Aku suka cerita camni....Bosnia kena henyak Serb sebabagai kafarah dosa mereka... yang Palestin dah 60 tahun tu apa dosa depa pulak?

Kafarah ataupun Ujian.... Bukan untuk kita menentukannya.

tongkatali · Post time 26-5-2009 02:22 PM

Ustaz Wan Sohor Bani Leman yang "sohor" pernah cerita dalam buku apa ntah...masa tu dia belajar kat Madinah...so dia tawar diri jadi "mujahidin"...sukarelawan kat Bosnia...tugasnya ialah bagi memenuhi tugas fardu kifayah yang dan jadi fardu ain...iaitu menguruskan jenazah orang-orang Islam BOSNIAK...dia kata BEZA antara mayat-mayat orang Islam dengan orang KAFIR (Serb dan Croat)...mayat orang-orang Islam walau seteruk manapun kecederaannya mudah dikenali iaitu melalui air muka...cahaya badannya lain. Manakala mayat-mayat orang kafir HITAM...jadi termenung juga memikirkan...itulah KAFARAH yang ALLAH kurniakan kepada mereka...semoga mereka semua ditempatkan di kalangan para SYUHADA.

alphawolf · Post time 26-5-2009 03:20 PM

Jawapan ni bagi aku yang tepat...kita tak tahu bencana yang nmenimpa tu balasan, ujian atau kafarah....tapi kalau ustaz yang bagi label tu....wallahu'alam

panzer · Post time 26-5-2009 04:16 PM

Originally posted by tongkatali at 26-5-2009 11:39
Bila teringat akan Bosnia ni teringat pasal semangat perjuangan mereka...semangat perjuangan Islam mereka, walaupun buat seketika dilenakan oleh komunis...namun Perang Bosnia merupakan KAFARAH te ...

Ironiknya ramai muda-mudi di Msia yg suka dan restui perjuangan komunis.
Bila dah jadi macam Bosnia baru lah nak menyesal (or not?)

peko_lolo · Post time 26-5-2009 05:47 PM

Originally posted by tongkatali at 26-5-2009 14:22
Ustaz Wan Sohor Bani Leman yang "sohor" pernah cerita dalam buku apa ntah...masa tu dia belajar kat Madinah...so dia tawar diri jadi "mujahidin"...sukarelawan kat Bosnia...tugasnya ialah bagi mem ...

penah jugak baca dalam anis dulu
ada satu jambatan die nak lalu time kat bosnia ni la
jambatan tu actually ade bom x silap.tapi bom tu x meletup pun masa dia lalu n ustaz ni x tau pun ade bomkat situ
selepas die dah berjaya menyeberangi, tak lama pastu baru die tau jambatan tu ade bom
hebat kan kuasa Allah