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[Edisi Sains Am]
That time of the year yet again (page 3) - NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 2013
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The Nobel Medal for Physics and Chemistry
Physics and Chemistry Medal
Registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation
The medal of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences represents Nature in the form of a goddess resembling Isis, emerging from the clouds and holding in her arms a cornucopia. The veil which covers her cold and austere face is held up by the Genius of Science.
The inscription reads:
Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes
loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery."
(Word for word: inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.)
The words are taken from Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song, verse 663;
Lo, God-loved poets, men who spake things worthy Phoebus' heart;
and they who bettered life on earth by new-found mastery
The name of the laureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC." stands for The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
The Nobel Medal for Physics and Chemistry was designed by Erik Lindberg. |
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untuk chemistry-
palladium catalyst...wonderful!
my chemist prof kt UTM Skudai ade buat resear ...
dauswq Post at 10-10-2010 03:21 
mmg UTM top dlm bidang catalyst- lebih ke arah advance material rasa nyer  |
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Scientific Background : Palladium-Catalyzed Cross Coupling In Organic Synthesis
chewan Post at 10-10-2010 14:59
link ni tak leh "buka" |
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link ni tak leh "buka"
dauswq Post at 11-10-2010 07:15
ko gugel jah tajuk research diorg...nnti ada pdf yg complete |
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wow siapa ya calon calonnyer ....
huhuhuh
negara mana nak monopoli ni |
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sama sama kita saksikan
Pemenang Hadiah Nobel - kategori perubatan - goes to __________________ |
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http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/press.pdf
Press Release2011-10-03 The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided that
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 shall be divided, with one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity Summary
This year's Nobel Laureates have revolutionized our understanding of the immune system by discovering key principles for its activation.
Scientists have long been searching for the gatekeepers of the immune response by which man and other animals defend themselves against attack by bacteria and other microorganisms. Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffmann discovered receptor proteins that can recognize such microorganisms and activate innate immunity, the first step in the body's immune response. Ralph Steinman discovered the dendritic cells of the immune system and their unique capacity to activate and regulate adaptive immunity, the later stage of the immune response during which microorganisms are cleared from the body.
The discoveries of the three Nobel Laureates have revealed how the innate and adaptive phases of the immune response are activated and thereby provided novel insights into disease mechanisms. Their work has opened up new avenues for the development of prevention and therapy against infections, cancer, and inflammatory diseases.
Bruce A. Beutler was born in 1957 in Chicago, USA. He received his MD from the University of Chicago in 1981 and worked as a scientist at Rockefeller University in New York and the University of Texas in Dallas, where he discovered the LPS receptor. Since 2000 he has been professor of genetics and immunology at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA.
Jules A. Hoffmann was born in Echternach, Luxembourg in 1941. He studied at the University of Strasbourg in France, where he obtained his PhD in 1969. After postdoctoral training at the University of Marburg, Germany, he returned to Strasbourg, where he headed a research laboratory from 1974 to 2009. He has also served as director of the Institute for Molecular Cell Biology in Strasbourg and during 2007-2008 as President of the French National Academy of Sciences.
Ralph M. Steinman was born in 1943 in Montreal, Canada, where he studied biology and chemistry at McGill University. After studying medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, USA, he received his MD in 1968. He has been affiliated with Rockefeller University in New York since 1970, has been professor of immunology at this institution since 1988, and is also director of its Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases.
| Key publications: | | Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, Liu MY, Van Huffel C, Du X, Birdwell D, Alejos E, Silva M, Galanos C, Freudenberg M, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Layton B, Beutler B. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: Mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 1998;282:2085-2088. | | Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in drosophila adults. Cell 1996;86:973-983. | | Steinman RM, Cohn ZA. Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. J Exp Med 1973;137:1142-1162. | | Steinman RM, Witmer MD. Lymphoid dendritic cells are potent stimulators of the primary mixed leukocyte reaction in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978;75:5132-5136. | | Schuler G, Steinman RM. Murine epidermal Langerhans cells mature into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells in vitro. J Exp Med 1985;161:526-546. |
 High resolution image (pdf 3,6 Mb) TO CITE THIS PAGE:
MLA style: "The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 3 Oct 2011 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_ ... tes/2011/press.html
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Two lines of defense in the immune system
We live in a dangerous world. Pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites) threaten us continuously but we are equipped with powerful defense mechanisms (please see image below). The first line of defense, innate immunity, can destroy invading microorganisms and trigger inflammation that contributes to blocking their assault. If microorganisms break through this defense line, adaptive immunity is called into action. With its T and B cells, it produces antibodies and killer cells that destroy infected cells. After successfully combating the infectious assault, our adaptive immune system maintains an immunologic memory that allows a more rapid and powerful mobilization of defense forces next time the same microorganism attacks. These two defense lines of the immune system provide good protection against infections but they also pose a risk. If the activation threshold is too low, or if endogenous molecules can activate the system, inflammatory disease may follow.
The components of the immune system have been identified step by step during the 20th century. Thanks to a series of discoveries awarded the Nobel Prize, we know, for instance, how antibodies are constructed and how T cells recognize foreign substances. However, until the work of Beutler, Hoffmann and Steinman, the mechanisms triggering the activation of innate immunity and mediating the communication between innate and adaptive immunity remained enigmatic.
Discovering the sensors of innate immunity
Jules Hoffmann made his pioneering discovery in 1996, when he and his co-workers investigated how fruit flies combat infections. They had access to flies with mutations in several different genes including Toll, a gene previously found to be involved in embryonal development by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Nobel Prize 1995). When Hoffmann infected his fruit flies with bacteria or fungi, he discovered that Toll mutants died because they could not mount an effective defense. He was also able to conclude that the product of the Toll gene was involved in sensing pathogenic microorganisms and Toll activation was needed for successful defense against them.
Bruce Beutler was searching for a receptor that could bind the bacterial product, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which can cause septic shock, a life threatening condition that involves overstimulation of the immune system. In 1998, Beutler and his colleagues discovered that mice resistant to LPS had a mutation in a gene that was quite similar to the Toll gene of the fruit fly. This Toll-like receptor (TLR) turned out to be the elusive LPS receptor. When it binds LPS, signals are activated that cause inflammation and, when LPS doses are excessive, septic shock. These findings showed that mammals and fruit flies use similar molecules to activate innate immunity when encountering pathogenic microorganisms. The sensors of innate immunity had finally been discovered.
The discoveries of Hoffmann and Beutler triggered an explosion of research in innate immunity. Around a dozen different TLRs have now been identified in humans and mice. Each one of them recognizes certain types of molecules common in microorganisms. Individuals with certain mutations in these receptors carry an increased risk of infections while other genetic variants of TLR are associated with an increased risk for chronic inflammatory diseases.
A new cell type that controls adaptive immunity
Ralph Steinman discovered, in 1973, a new cell type that he called the dendritic cell. He speculated that it could be important in the immune system and went on to test whether dendritic cells could activate T cells, a cell type that has a key role in adaptive immunity and develops an immunologic memory against many different substances. In cell culture experiments, he showed that the presence of dendritic cells resulted in vivid responses of T cells to such substances. These findings were initially met with skepticism but subsequent work by Steinman demonstrated that dendritic cells have a unique capacity to activate T cells.
Further studies by Steinman and other scientists went on to address the question of how the adaptive immune system decides whether or not it should be activated when encountering various substances. Signals arising from the innate immune response and sensed by dendritic cells were shown to control T cell activation. This makes it possible for the immune system to react towards pathogenic microorganisms while avoiding an attack on the body's own endogenous molecules.
From fundamental research to medical use
The discoveries that are awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize have provided novel insights into the activation and regulation of our immune system. They have made possible the development of new methods for preventing and treating disease, for instance with improved vaccines against infections and in attempts to stimulate the immune system to attack tumors. These discoveries also help us understand why the immune system can attack our own tissues, thus providing clues for novel treatment of inflammatory diseases. |
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Key publications:
Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, Liu MY, Van Huffel C, Du X, Birdwell D, Alejos E, Silva M, Galanos C, Freudenberg M, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Layton B, Beutler B. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: Mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 1998;282:2085-2088.
Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in drosophila adults. Cell 1996;86:973-983.
Steinman RM, Cohn ZA. Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. J Exp Med 1973;137:1142-1162.
Steinman RM, Witmer MD. Lymphoid dendritic cells are potent stimulators of the primary mixed leukocyte reaction in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978;75:5132-5136.
Schuler G, Steinman RM. Murine epidermal Langerhans cells mature into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells in vitro. J Exp Med 1985;161:526-546.
High resolution image (pdf 3,6 Mb)
The Nobel Assembly, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institutet, awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Its Nobel Committee evaluates the nominations. Since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded to scientists who have made the most important discoveries for the benefit of mankind.
Nobel Prize® is the registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation
TO CITE THIS PAGE:
MLA style: "The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 3 Oct 2011 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_ ... tes/2011/press.html |
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so ...
dalam immunology atau dalam membicarkan sistem pertahan badan ..you know antibodi antibodi tu semua
kita mempunyai dua jenis sistem pertahanan
iaitu innate immunity - yg terkandung dalam rembesan cecair like saliva etc / air liur etc etc
adaptive immunity - yg immune cell kita seperti immunoglobulin type M ( IgM) , IgG semua ni laaa ni punya sistem kena 'belajar' untuk mendapat kemanglian setelah kita hidapi penyakit tu like campak contohnya ..imunne cells kita IgM then IgG akan mula menyimpan 'memori' virus ni dalam bentuk molecule tertentu laa supaya di kemudian hari [cewah] depa kenal epitopes [ bhgn luar permukaan partikel virus / bakteria / protein coat tu ye ] dan dapatkan bunyikan loceng amaran kepada sistem pertahanan kita di masa depan tentang kehadiran kuman kuman ini |
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so soalan cepumas saya
a) berapa PhD depa ada? perlukah 23 ?
b) how many years are they into science / core fundamental scientific field sebeleum hmm..kan? |
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So esok pulakkkkkkkkkkkkkk yayyyyyyyyyyyyyy |
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Post Last Edit by dauswq at 4-10-2011 10:55
Reply 52# mbhcsf
sedehnye
tak sangka die mati sblm tau dpt hadiah Nobel
Nobel Laureate Ralph Steinman Dies 3 Days Before Prize Announced October 03, 2011, 4:14 PM EDT
More From Businessweek
By Meg Tirrell
Oct. 3 (Bloomberg) -- Rockefeller University first heard around 5:30 a.m. that Ralph M. Steinman, a cell biologist at the school, won the Nobel Prize. Half an hour later, they learned from his family that Steinman had died three days earlier. “Ralph worked right up until last week,” said Michel Nussenzweig, a collaborator of Steinman’s. “His dream was to use his discovery to cure cancer and infectious diseases like HIV and tuberculosis. It’s a dream that’s pretty close.” Steinman, 68, died of pancreatic cancer after a 4 1/2-year battle, the Manhattan school said today in a statement. He shares the award for medicine this year with Jules A. Hoffmann, born in Luxembourg, and American Bruce A. Beutler. Hoffman and Beutler study gene mutations that have helped explain how the body activates its first line of defense against microscopic invaders. Steinman received the award for discovering what he named dendritic cells, which regulate and adapt the immune system’s defense mechanisms. While Steinman’s discovery dates back to 1973, his work took a very personal turn in the last few years after he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, according to Joseph Bonner, a Rockefeller spokesman. Steinman started a clinical trial at the university, in which he was the only patient, Bonner said. “Ralph’s idea was that you could take a tumor, give it to dendritic cells, and then have the dendritic cells orchestrate a response against the tumor,” Nussenzweig said. “He used his own dendritic cells, which were loaded with tumor antigens, as part of his therapy.” ‘Prolonged His Life’ Whether it worked, “we’ll never know,” Nussenzweig, a former student of Steinman’s and a professor at Rockefeller, said in a telephone interviw. “But one thing is for sure: he was able to make T-cells specific for his cancer. It obviously didn’t cure him, but it may have prolonged his life.” Steinman “remained ever optimistic until just the last few weeks,” said Sarah Schlesinger, an immunologist at Rockefeller who directed Steinman’s clinical studies. “He had great faith in science to cure people and make people’s lives better.” Steinman’s death created an unprecedented conundrum for the Nobel committee, which doesn’t award the 111-year-old prize posthumously. Hours after their official announcement of the prizes, the Foundation confirmed that Steinman’s prize will stand despite the timing of his passing. Earlier this year, Steinman had given a lecture in Stockholm, where the Nobel Prizes are awarded, said Torsten Wiesel, president emeritus at Rockefeller and a Nobel laureate himself. The awards ceremony in December “will be another occasion like that one where people will celebrate him,” Wiesel said in a news conference. Family Reaction Steinman’s son, Adam, also spoke at the news conference, saying “It’s really impossible to describe what our family is feeling right now. We are devastated to have lost Ralph over the weekend” and, at the same time, “proud to be receiving this wonderful honor,” he said. Steinman discovered dendritic cells in 1973. The finding was met with resistance, even scorn, when he published his first paper on it in the Journal of Experimental Medicine that year, Nussenzweig said. “I remember a meeting in Paris, an international meeting where Ralph had me give the talk,” he said. The response from the audience “was abusive.” The problem was that other scientists couldn’t immediately reproduce the work, he said. Steinman’s ability to purify the cells wasn’t replicated until a decade later, when researchers found ways to isolate them in larger numbers using newer techniques, he said. ‘Knew He Was Right’ “It took a long time,” Nussenzweig said. “But he just always knew he was right.” The other portion of the prize is split between Hoffman, 70, and Beutler, 53, for their discovery of proteins that stimulate the body’s first-line defense against attacking bacteria and other microorganisms. The work of this year’s winners has provided the basis for research into medicines for cancer, inflammatory diseases and infections, the Nobel committee said on its website. “These are kind of the master cells in starting immune response,” said James Allison, an immunologist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, of Steinman’s discovery in a telephone interview. Neither Steinman nor Nussenzweig is associated with Seattle-based Dendreon Corp., which last year received approval to sell the prostate-cancer compound Provenge, the first medicine to train the body’s immune system to attack cancer cells like a virus. Other drugmakers are also developing cancer vaccines, including Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., which won approval for the melanoma treatment ipilimumab in March, Oncothyreon Inc., Merck KGaA and Oxford BioMedica Plc. Wife and Childred Steinman is survived by his wife, Claudia, and his three kids, Adam, Alexis and Lesley. His mother, who lives in his native Canada, turns 95 this month. Steinman was born in 1943 in Montreal, and studied chemistry and biology at McGill University in his hometown before receiving an MD from Harvard Medical School in Boston in 1968. He joined Rockefeller in 1970 as a postdoctoral fellow.
--With assistance from Naomi Kresge in Berlin, Ryan Flinn in San Francisco and Robert Langreth in New York. Editor: Reg Gale, Andy Pollack.
DNDN us <equity> CN
To contact the reporter on this story: Meg Tirrell in New York at [email protected]
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Reg Gale at [email protected] |
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Reply 54# mbhcsf
saya menantikan bidang fizik dan chemistry jek |
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Reply mbhcsf
saya menantikan bidang fizik dan chemistry jek
dauswq Post at 4-10-2011 10:56 
hari ni , hari ni countdown tu ...hihihi |
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Reply 57# mbhcsf
Nobel committee to announce prize in physicsBy the CNN Wire Staff
updated 1:02 AM EST, Tue October 4, 2011
STORY HIGHLIGHTS
- The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 104 times
- It is worth about $1.44 million
- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry will be announced Wednesday
(CNN) -- The Nobel Prize in Physics will be announced Tuesday in Stockholm, Sweden -- the second of six Nobel prizes to be announced this month.
Last year, professors Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov from the University of Manchester in England won the physics prize for "groundbreaking" experiments with the two-dimensional material graphene.
The prize in physics is worth 10 million Swedish kronor (about $1.44 million).
On Monday, the Nobel committee named Ralph Steinman, a biologist with Rockefeller University, and scientists Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann, the winners of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The announcement came three days after Steinman died of pancreatic cancer at age 68.
The Nobel committee was unaware of his death. Had they known, their own rules would have precluded him being selected as a winner. The decision was made Monday, just before the announcement, Nobel officials said.
"The events that have occurred are unique and, to the best of our knowledge, are unprecedented in the history of the Nobel Prize," the Nobel Assembly said in a statement, announcing that Steinman will remain a Nobel laureate.
Making the decision meant circumventing one of the Nobel rules.
The Nobel Prize website states that since 1974, rules have stipulated that a prize "cannot be awarded posthumously, unless death has occurred after the announcement."
In its statement Monday, the Nobel Assembly said it interpreted "the purpose of the rule" as making sure no one is "deliberately" awarded the prize posthumously. Because the committee did not know of Steinman's death, the decision "was made in good faith," the assembly said.
In the coming days, the committee also will announce prizes in chemistry, literature and peace. The prize in economics will be announced Monday.
Since 1901, the committee has handed out the Nobel Prize in Physics 104 times. The youngest recipient was Lawrence Bragg, who won in 1915 at the age of 25. Bragg is not only the youngest physics laureate, he is also the youngest Nobel laureate in any Nobel prize area.
The oldest physics laureate was Raymond Davis Jr., who was 88 years old when he was awarded the prize in 2002. |
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Reply mbhcsf
sedehnye
tak sangka die mati sblm tau dpt hadiah Nobel
dauswq Post at 4-10-2011 10:53
pecah tradisi ni...depa tak pernah annouce hadiah nobel selepas org meninggal dunia...tak per ... |
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patutlahh
depa annouce lambat semalam ... |
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Category: Belia & Informasi
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Post time 10-10-2010 02:47 PM
Post time 11-10-2010 07:15 AM
Author
