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PETRA LOST, FOUND AND MUSLIM FORCE IN THE 7 century AD.
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Edited by FOTHERMUCKER2 at 1-12-2018 02:10 PM
For more than two millennia, the soaring pillars of the Treasury have greeted arrivals to the magnificent capital of the Nabataeans.
PHOTOGRAPH BY ALFONS RODRíGUEZ
HISTORY MAGAZINEHISTORY MAGAZINE
Petra Lost and FoundIn the early 1800s, a Swiss explorer tricked his way into Petra, the ancient oasis whose location had been a closely guarded secret for centuries.
BY CRUZ SáNCHEZ
DEEP WITHIN JORDAN’S desolate desert canyons and rugged mountains lies an ancient treasure, the stone city of Petra. A UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the new seven wonders of the world, Petra is a giant metropolis of tombs, monuments, and other elaborate religious structures directly carved into sandstone cliffs. Believed to have been settled as early as 9000 B.C., Petra developed into the thriving capital of the Nabataean kingdom. This little-understood Middle Eastern culture ruled much of modern-day Jordan from the third century B.C. until the first century A.D., when it yielded to the rising power of Rome.
After the Roman conquest and the shifting of trade routes, the city declined in importance until it was abandoned. Europeans did not set eyes upon it's rose-colored walls for centuries, until the early 19th century when a traveler dressed himself in Bedouin costume and infiltrated the mysterious locale.
TEMPLE FOR A DIVINE KINGKnown as Ed Deir—the Monastery—this building was a temple for the worship of the deified King Obodas I. It was used as a church in the Byzantine period.PHOTOGRAPH BY RITTERBACH/FOTOTECA
Explorer in Disguise
In 1812, Swiss scholar Johann Ludwig Burckhardt found himself standing at the entrance to a wadi, a dry-river valley, where his Bedouin guide had led him. Picking his way over the rocky canyon floor, he noted how the cavernous walls towered so high that they almost obscured the sky. But an extraordinary sight awaited Burckhardt as he emerged into the open air on the other side: a fantastic building, sculpted out of solid rock and topped with a magnificent urn soaring nearly 150 feet above him.
The Swiss explorer had to manage his astonishment. A passionate scholar of the Arab world, Burckhardt knew that he had found a mysterious lost city, rumors of which had reached him on his desert travels. He was the first European to have entered Petra for many centuries.
Swathed in Arab robes, Burckhardt had to keep his excitement to himself. His Bedouin guide believed him to be Sheikh Ibrahim ibn Abdallah, an Indian-born student of the Koran, who—Burckhardt explained to the guide in near-flawless Arabic—had come to this remote place to fulfill a pious vow. He had to act with the utmost discretion. Any false move could have blown his cover, putting his mission, and perhaps his life, in danger.
PETRA'S RISE AND FALL
From A.D. 363, Petra became part of the Byzantine Empire. Some of its buildings were adorned with Byzantine mosaics such as this, representing fall.
PHOTOGRAPH BY AKG/ALBUM
64 B.C. Despite being forced to recognize Rome’s power, Petra reaches its zenith of splendor in this period—until the Roman emperor Trajan formally annexes the city in A.D. 106.
A.D. 363 Now part of the Byzantine Empire, several of Petra’s buildings are used as churches. An earthquake seriously damages many structures, and the city is gradually abandoned.
700-1096 Following the Islamic conquest, Petra becomes little more than a village. During the First Crusade, the Christian king of Jerusalem, Baldwin I, occupies Petra, now part of the barony of Karak.
1217-1276 After Saladin defeats the Crusaders in 1187, Petra returns to Muslim hands. A German, Thetmar, writes of visiting in 1217. Later, the Mamluk sultan Baybars I found Petra deserted.
1812 Swiss scholar Johann Ludwig Burckhardt becomes the first European for centuries to enter Petra. Disguised as a Muslim, he correctly identifies the ruins as the former Nabataean capital.
REFUGE OF THE CARAVANS
The Prosperous Nabataeans
CARTOGRAPHY BY EOSGIS.COM
The prosperity of the Nabataean kingdom and its magnificent capital, Petra, rested on the trade routes that passed through the city. From Yemen came incense, aromatic plants such as myrrh, and aloe—essential ingredients in perfume and medicine. Spices came from India and beyond, while bitumen from the Dead Sea was essential to the caulking of ships across the Mediterranean. Vast caravans poured through Petra on their way to the lucrative markets of Rome, Alexandria, and other great cities of the Mediterranean basin. Nabataean wealth awoke the envy and greed of their neighbors, especially the Seleucids, whose founder had inherited the eastern tranche of the empire of Alexander the Great. The Nabataeans held off numerous Seleucid attacks, even inflicting considerable damage on their assailants: In 84 B.C., the Seleucid king Antiochus XII Dionysus died during one such battle. Immersed in civil wars, and harried by the Jews as well as the Armenians, the decline of Seleucid power enabled the Nabataean kings to expand their territories yet farther.
City of Legends
Legends of lost riches had swirled around that very same urn-topped monument Burckhardt had just seen. In Arabic, this building is known as Al Khazneh, the Treasury, because of the stories told by local tribes about a cache of treasure deposited there by thieves, long ago.
Today, historians believe this magnificent structure was the tomb of a first-century sovereign, perhaps the Nabataean king Aretas IV. Inside is a funerary chamber, free of any decorative details, and—so far, at least—free of treasure.
It is possible that, on his travels, Burckhardt had also overheard Bedouin tribesmen telling the story of another Petra wonder: the Qasr al Bint—the Palace of the Pharaoh’s Daughter. Legend says that it belonged to a princess who pledged to marry any man who could channel water to her palace. In reality, this building, the only example at Petra of a monument not sculpted out of rock, is a large temple. A tetrastyle structure (with four columns in front), scholars speculate it was dedicated to the cult of Nabataean divinities Dushara and Al-’Uzza.
This engraving shows Johann Ludwig Burckhardt disguised in Muslim garb, as he might have looked during his search for Petra.
PHOTOGRAPH BY ART ARCHIVE In reality, this building, the only example at Petra of a monument not sculpted out of rock, is a large temple. A tetrastyle structure (with four columns in front), scholars speculate it was dedicated to the cult of Nabataean divinities Dushara and Al-’Uzza.
Oasis of the Nabataeans
In the Bible, the area around Petra is called Edom, the land believed to have been settled by descendants of Esau, the elder twin brother of the Israelite patriarch, Jacob. It is likely that Petra was among those settlements occupied by Semitic tribes, who invaded from the area around the Dead Sea, to the northwest, and from the Gulf of Aqaba from the south, in the 13th century B.C. Petra, along with a confederation of other cities, was in constant conflict with the Hebrew tribes to the west.
Much later, a new wave of settlers arrived, whose vast wealth would turn Petra into the Rose City. These were the Nabataeans, descended, according to Jewish-Roman writer Josephus, from the biblical figure of Nebaioth, the son of Ishmael. They are now believed to have originated in Arabia, arriving in Petra as nomadic merchants around the fourth century B.C., drawn by the abundance of freshwater.
There they switched to a settled lifestyle and became experts in water engineering, creating a highly sophisticated system of reservoirs and irrigation channels. Rain and spring water was collected in special deposits, from which it was then distributed across the city.
If the settlement at this time was a lush urban oasis in the middle of the red desert, it is easy to see why, in local tradition, the episode from the biblical Book of Exodus—in which Moses makes water flow by striking a rock from his staff—is set in Petra. According to the local version, the narrow wadi known as the Siq, along which Burckhardt himself had arrived in Petra, was formed by the torrent of water released after Moses struck the rock.
METROPOLIS IN STONEPetra's tombs, temples, and houses were not located in separate zones. Population growth led to the building of dwellings around the more ancient tombs and monuments.PHOTOGRAPH BY GONZALO AZUMENDI
Whatever the origin of this most precious of resources, the inventive Nabataeans used water to grow their city. Petra flourished as spice routes developed that linked India, Persia, and Arabia with the Mediterranean, Egypt, and Phoenicia.
Establishing a monopoly on caravan traffic, the Nabataean capital managed to protect itself from enemies while remaining open to the main flow of trade through the ancient world. For centuries, trains of dromedaries loaded with spices, silk and incense arrived in Petra. Desert weary, they willingly paid their tolls, not only to enjoy the protection of the city, but to stock up with that most precious resource that the Nabataeans could supply: freshwater.
From Hub to Backwater
Many of Petra’s incredible monuments were constructed during the reign of King Aretas IV, between 8 B.C. and A.D. 40. For nearly a century, Petra’s glory shone brightly, until it was outblazed by the greater empire to the west: Rome. In A.D. 106, the emperor Trajan annexed the Nabataean territories, and the area became known as the Roman province of Arabia Petraea.
Overshadowed by Bostra (known today as Busra ash Sham), the capital of the new Roman province, Petra’s political influence waned. Much later, following the breakup of the Roman Empire, Petra became a provincial capital under the Byzantine Empire. But when that in turn fell to Muslim forces in the seventh century, Petra disappeared. In ruins after a series of earthquakes, it came to be known as Wadi Musa—the Valley of Moses.
 AVENUE OF TOMBSMassive, elaborate facades line the center of Petra, thought to be the resting places of Nabataean kings. Two of the most ornate are the Tomb of the Palace (left) and the Corinthian Tomb.PHOTOGRAPH BY JOHANNA HUBER/FOTOTECA
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/
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Edited by FOTHERMUCKER2 at 1-12-2018 06:34 AM
During the Crusades, the area was better known for the monastery of St. Aaron than for the city itself. The monastery was located on the mountain called, in Arabic, Jebel Haroun—Mount Aaron—said to be the resting place of Moses’ brother. In the 12th century, the sultan Saladin wrested most of the Holy Land from the Crusaders. Jebel Haroun, and the cult of Aaron, became a place of Muslim pilgrimage.But one group of people maintained loyalty to the ruins of Petra: the Bedouin, who used the city as their stronghold. They kept its location a closely guarded secret for hundreds of years.
In the 19th century, European colonialists were driven by romantic as well as commercial notions of exploring the Middle East. The prospect of finding the ruins of lost civilizations inflamed the imaginations of scholars, among them Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.
KINGDOM OF THE DEAD
City of a Thousand Tombs
The Tomb of the Obelisks, seen here in a 19th-century etching, shows the Egyptian influence on the local Architecture
PHOTOGRAPH BY BRIDGEMAN/ACI
When Burckhardt arrived in Petra in August 1812, he noted that the majority of the structures appeared to have served a funerary purpose. The significant Greek influence on the architecture was also apparent. Petra fell within the cultural sphere of the region’s Hellenistic monarchies, such as the Seleucids to the north and the Ptolemaic kings of Egypt. It came as no surprise to Burckhardt to note the presence of “obelisks, apparently of Egyptian style.” Petra is home to more than 600 hypogea, tombs carved into the rocky walls of the valley. Many are simple burial chambers with loculi—niches in which to lay the dead—with no external decoration. The most famous, by contrast, have elaborate, sculpted facades. Another group of structures are the 25 tower tombs made up of massive blocks carved from the valley walls. Lastly, there are the simple sepulchres dug into the ground, either of individual graves or of larger cavities for collective burial, with a funerary chamber placed at the end.
Quest for PetraBorn in 1784, Burckhardt traveled to England to further his studies in 1806. He studied Arabic at the University of Cambridge, and became a member of the London-based Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa, which tasked their gifted recruit to find the source of the Niger River. Burckhardt accepted. His expedition was set to embark from Cairo.
Before leaving on such a perilous mission, in 1809 Burckhardt decided to visit Syria to intensify his study of Arabic and Islam. It was there he adopted his pseudonym, Ibrahim ibn Abdallah, for whom he set about creating a backstory. Ibrahim, he decided, was a Muslim from India, whose distant origins would dispel any doubts about his foreign-sounding accent when he spoke Arabic.
 NABATAEAN FASHIONHellenist style influenced Nabataean art, as seen in the Phrygian cap and tightly curled hair and beard of this sculpted head. PHOTOGRAPH BY ERICH LESSING/ALBUM
After an intensive, four-year period of study and travel within Syria, Burckhardt considered that he was ready, at last, to make for Cairo. The most direct route to Egypt lay along the coast, but Burckhardt chose a more difficult way, through the desert routes near the Dead Sea, an area unfamiliar to Europeans. His motive, as he wrote, was to consolidate his already extensive knowledge of the Arab world, but also, “to gather information regarding the geography of an an area entirely unknown.”
Burckhardt left Damascus on June 18, 1812. Heading south through what is now Jordan, he overheard people talking about a city located near Jebel Haroun, where the tomb of Aaron is believed to be located. Well versed in classical writers and historians such as Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, and Josephus, whose works make reference to the mysterious Petra, he realized, with growing excitement, that he might be near the “lost” city itself. He made up a convincing cover story for his alter ego, Ibrahim: He was now a pious pilgrim who had journeyed from afar to fulfill a vow to make a sacrifice at Aaron’s tomb.
Hiring a local guide, Burckhardt entered Bedouin territory. On August 22, 1812, Burckhardt emerged from the dark, narrow wadi, finally setting eyes on the splendor of the Treasury facade. For all his care and discretion, he could not resist examining the structures, and taking notes. In his later account of the discovery, he wrote of the heart-stopping moment when his guide became suspicious: “I see now clearly that you are an infidel,” the Bedouin said angrily, accusing him of wanting to steal treasure. Burckhardt denied the charge and continued toward Aaron’s tomb.
 NATURAL BEAUTYThe interiors of many of Petra’s tombs are enlivened by the spectacular geology of the sandstone.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JUAN CARLOS MUÑOZ
https://www.nationalgeographic.c ... e/2016/01-02/petra/
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Edited by FOTHERMUCKER2 at 1-12-2018 09:45 AM
SAHIH INTERNATIONAL
Indeed, the first House [of worship] established for mankind was that at Makkah - blessed and a guidance for the worlds.
Di petra tu baru nampak betul The HOUSE of worship.
Ka'abah Blocks at Petra  Cubicle blocks near entrance to the Siq at Petra  Cubicle block from vicinity of the so-called Snake Monument at Petra Cubicle block from area beside entrance to the Siq at Petra
| Large cubicle structure at Petra | |  | |
The Thamud: Petra and Madain Salih
Written and collected by Zia H Shah MD, Chief Editor of the Muslim TimesThamud or the Nabataeans were known for hewing houses in mountains. Madain Salih and Petra are ruins of their civilization.Madain Salih (Dedan) is in Saudi Arabia and is known in the European literature as Hegra derived from Al-Hijr. It was once inhabited by the Thamud or the Nabataeans. Petra (located in Jordan) being the capital of the Nabataean kingdom.The Nabataeans are of Arab origin that became rich by their monopoly on the trade of incense and spice in particular between the East and the Roman, Greek and Egyptian empires. Madain Saleh, is in north of Madinah and has about 130 dwellings and tombs that extend over some 13 kilometers.Petra in Jordan has been declared to be one of the world wonders in 2007.The prophet Salih was sent to the Thamud. The Holy Quran says, “The Thamud rejected the Messengers. When their brother Salih said to them: Will you not be righteous! I am sent to you as a trusty Messenger.” (Al Quran 26:142-144)
The Holy Quran says about the Thamud:
The Thamud who were the addressee of the prophet Salih were destroyed in an earthquake because of their arrogance and mischief. When we study the history of earlier nations we can draw certain lessons and inferences. In the words of Dr. Robert McGhee, Curator of the Canadian Museum of Civilization:
The conclusion drawn by Dr Robert McGhee resonates with the teaching of many of the verses of the Holy Quran:
Allah has saved these ruins for us so that we can draw lessons from them. There is a tendency for humans to get involved with the apparent and present and ignore hidden and distant. So, by saving these ruins, Allah has intended a profound lesson for us, by demonstrating the temporary nature of purely worldly pursuits. As is said in the Holy Quran, “They know only the outer part of the life of this world, and of the Hereafter they are utterly unmindful.” (Al Quran 30:8)
According to Encyclopedia Britannica:
There is general consensus that the Thamud were a people of ancient Arabia who were known from the first millennium BC to near the time of the Prophet Muhammad, may peace be upon him. Although they are thought to have originated in southern Arabia, from the people of the ‘Ad, Arabic tradition has them moving north to settle on the slopes of Mount Athlab near Madain Saleh. Numerous Thamudic rock writings and pictures have been found on Mount Athlab and throughout central Arabia. The oldest known reference to Thamud is a 715 BC inscription of the Assyrian King Sargon II, which mentions them as being among the people of eastern and central Arabia subjugated by the Assyrians. They are referred to as ‘Tamudaei’ in the writings of Aristo of Chios, Ptolemy and Pliny.[3]
THE PROPHET SALIH, MADAIN SALIH OR HEGRAAccording to the Holy Quran:
In other words the ruins of ‘Ad and Thamud are discernible by the posterity. There is a separate knol about the ruins of the people of ‘Ad in southern Arabia. The ruins of the Thamud are Madain Salih and Petra.
Madain Salih or DedanMadain Salih is known in the European literature as Hegra derived from Al-Hijr. Madain Salih are the ruins of the people of the prophet Salih, may peace be on him. In a separate knol, I have reviewed that the term Al Hijr, may be more applicable to Petra than Madain Salih, in a knol that is completely devoted to Petra.
Madain Salih was once inhabited by the Thamud or the Nabataeans. Petra (located in Jordan) being the capital of the Nabataean kingdom. The Nabataeans are of Arab origin that became rich by their monopoly on the trade of incense and spice in particular between the East and the Roman, Greek and Egyptian empires. Madain Saleh has about 130 dwellings and tombs that extend over some 13 kilometers. Thamud or the Nabataeans were known for hewing houses in mountains.
The archaeological site Madain Saleh, is one of the best known archaeological sites in Saudi Arabia, located near Ula (previously known as Dedan). It is 400 km north of Madinah in northwestern Arabia and was located on the incense trade route.
What was the timeline for the development and eventual destruction of Madain Salih or Dedan? Encyclopedia Britannica offers certain details: Madain Salih PHOTO GALLERY OF MADAIN SALIH
The Treasury at Petra
HADITH ABOUT MADAIN SALIH It is mentioned in the commentary of the Holy Quran, titled Ibn Kathir: “Al-Hijr through which the Messenger of Allah passed on his way to Tabuk. He covered his head and urged his camel to go faster, saying to his Companions: «لَا تَدْخُلُوا بُيُوتَ الْقَوْمِ الْمُعَذَّبِينَ إِلَّا أَنْ تَكُونُوا بَاكِينَ، فَإِنَّ لَمْ تَبْكُوا فَتَبَاكُوا خَشْيَةَ أَنْ يُصِيبَكُمْ مَا أَصَابَهُم» (Do not enter the dwellings of those who were punished unless you are weeping, and if you do not weep then make yourself weep out of fear that perhaps what struck them may also strike you.)” [5] This Hadith in Ibn Kathir has been quoted from the most reputed collection of Hadith Sahih Bokhari. [6]
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Edited by sam1528 at 1-12-2018 10:36 AM
LOL ... lobai mat slow v2 dok menggila lagi tanpa pakai otak
Hmmm , talk about pakai otak , ko memang tak ada otak pasal dah pening kena macam ni :
Kami geng muslim TQ lagi sekali lagi yg rujukkan ko support pendirian geng muslim ttg Petra
Rujukkanko jugak kantoikan ko dgn terhina sekali ttg Petra
Post #1 dari ko :
A.D. 363 Now part of the Byzantine Empire, several of Petra’s buildings are used as churches. An earthquake seriously damages many structures, and the city is gradually abandoned.
700-1096 Following the Islamic conquest, Petra becomes little more than a village. During the First Crusade, the Christian king of Jerusalem, Baldwin I, occupies Petra, now part of the barony of Karak.
But when that in turn fell to Muslim forces in the seventh century, Petra disappeared. In ruins after a series of earthquakes, it came to be known as Wadi Musa—the Valley of Moses.
Post #23 dari aku :
In his Kitab al Tabik wal-Ishraf Al Mas'ud (d 957) refers to the Haroun mountain as a holy mountain of the Christians (de Goeje 1967 , 143-144
Rujukkan ko sendiri :
Ko lagi sekali konfom yg Petra adalah bandar atau tempat Kristian
Poooooffff!! Your claim that Islam bermula kat Petra just exploded & went up in smoke
Ko kan an under educated moron , pada ko : Islam = Kristian
Tu pasal ko blur semacam ...
Nak cover line yg ko ni 'bodoh sampai ke tulang' , mula lah maki hamun keliling
Ko ingat dgn ko maki hamun sekeliling boleh compensate yg ko ni 'bodoh sampai ke tulang'.
By the way , the muslims only conquered Petra about 700CE
Hmm ... bila Nabi Muhammad(saw) wafat? Ko agak2 lah
Very evident ko tak paham apa ko baca pasal ko ni amat2 kureng fasih english
Mati2 pulak tu klaim duduk kat UK .... buat malu aje ... oops , ko muka tebal jenis tak tau malu
Kah kah kah ... lobai mat slow v2 tak sedar dah kantoikan diri sendiri dgn terhina sekali ... biasak lah tu
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Kih kih kih ... lobai mat slow v2 dah kena tampar begitu kuat sampai tak mampu pikir secara rasional
Ko kena tampar macam ni :
Peeeeek!! Langsung jadik mereng
Ini dari ko , dalam merah tu adalah pahaman ko yg kononnya geng islam tapi sebenarnya Cult Of Aaron pergi pilgrimage kat Petra.
Tetiba ko buat conclusion bodoh yg Petra adalah Qibla pertama Islam & Islam bermula kat Petra
During the Crusades, the area was better known for the monastery of St. Aaron than for the city itself. The monastery was located on the mountain called, in Arabic, Jebel Haroun—Mount Aaron—said to be the resting place of Moses’ brother. In the 12th century, the sultan Saladin wrested most of the Holy Land from the Crusaders. Jebel Haroun, and the cult of Aaron, became a place of Muslim pilgrimage.But one group of people maintained loyalty to the ruins of Petra: the Bedouin, who used the city as their stronghold. They kept its location a closely guarded secret for hundreds of years.
In the 19th century, European colonialists were driven by romantic as well as commercial notions of exploring the Middle East. The prospect of finding the ruins of lost civilizations inflamed the imaginations of scholars, among them Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.
Nabi Muhammad(saw) wafat thn berapa?
Lagi sekali ko tak paham apa ko baca pasal ko amat2 kureng fasih english & 'bangang sampai ke tulang'
Nak lagi? No problem :
The Church and the Chapel is the first of three volumes reporting on a study of the archaeological landscape of Jebel Hārūn (Mount Aaron) at Petra, Jordan, with a focus on the ruins of the monastery. On a wider scale, this involves the entire mountain, including mapping and describing its cultural landscape: its uses as a Nabataean cult center, the Christian monastery, and the Muslim weli (memorial mosque).
Background chapters include a literary history of the Aaron tradition and a history of visits recorded by pilgrims, conquerors, and explorers, all of whom give rather fleeting glimpses of what they saw. There is little to no recording of pilgrimages during the life of the monastery, but there is clear evidence that the weli was frequented by Muslim and Jewish pilgrims from the 14th century onward.
Tak ada kena mengena dgn klaim bangang ko yg Islam bermula dari Petra & Qibla pertama Islam adalah di Petra
Hanya org gila macam ko aje yg sering kena tampar boleh buat klaim gila macam tu
Kah kah kah ... lobai mat slow v2 dah terlampau terdesak & dah jadik gila pasal sering kena tampar
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Edited by FOTHERMUCKER2 at 5-12-2018 09:37 PM
HAHAHA..nampak ye ye sahaja lobai estate reply tapi betapa bodoh dan low iq punya lobai estate kerana tak faham artikal, ka lobai estate GILA?
woi lobai estate lupa ka islam hanya bermula pada 7cad? turutan dalam artikal tu dah betul sangat dah siap ada kaaba. cuma lobai estate sahaja yang bodoh low iq tak faham kerana menggunakan google trans
Evidence suggests that settlements had begun in and around Petra in the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (1550-1292 BCE). It is listed in Egyptian campaign accounts and the Amarna letters as Pel, Sela or Seir. Though the city was founded relatively late, a sanctuary existed there since very ancient times. Stations 19 through 26 of the stations list of Exodus are places associated with Petra. This part of the country was Biblically assigned to the Horites, the predecessors of the Edomites. The habits of the original natives may have influenced the Nabataean custom of burying the dead and offering worship in half-excavated caves. Although Petra is usually identified with Sela which means a rock, the Biblical references refer to it as "the cleft in the rock", referring to its entrance. 2 Kings xiv. 7 seems to be more specific. In the parallel passage, however, Sela is understood to mean simply "the rock" (2 Chr. xxv. 12, see LXX).  On the authority of Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews iv. 7, 1~ 4, 7) Eusebius and Jerome (Onom. sacr. 286, 71. 145, 9; 228, 55. 287, 94) assert that Rekem was the native name and Rekem appears in the Dead Sea scrolls as a prominent Edom site most closely describing Petra and associated with Mount Seir. But in the Aramaic versions Rekem is the name of Kadesh, implying that Josephus may have confused the two places. Sometimes the Aramaic versions give the form Rekem-Geya which recalls the name of the village El-ji, southeast of Petra. The Semitic name of the city, if not Sela, remains unknown. The passage in Diodorus Siculus (xix. 94–97) which describes the expeditions which Antigonus sent against the Nabataeans in 312 BCE is understood to throw some light upon the history of Petra, but the "petra" referred to as a natural fortress and place of refuge cannot be a proper name and the description implies that the town was not yet in existence.
The Rekem Inscription in 1976.
The only place in Petra where the name "Rekem" occurs was in the rock wall of the Wadi Musa opposite the entrance to the Siq. About twenty years ago the Jordanians built a bridge over the wadi and this inscription was buried beneath tons of concrete. More satisfactory evidence of the date of the earliest Nabataean settlement may be obtained from an examination of the tombs. Two types have been distinguished: the Nabataean and the Greco-Roman. The Nabataean type starts from the simple pylon-tomb with a door set in a tower crowned by a parapet ornament, in imitation of the front of a dwelling-house. Then, after passing through various stages, the full Nabataean type is reached, retaining all the native features and at the same time exhibiting characteristics which are partly Egyptian and partly Greek. Of this type there exist close parallels in the tomb-towers at el-I~ejr in north Arabia, which bear long Nabataean inscriptions and supply a date for the corresponding monuments at Petra. Then comes a series of tombfronts which terminate in a semicircular arch, a feature derived from north Syria. Finally come the elaborate façades copied from the front of a Roman temple; however, all traces of native style have vanished. The exact dates of the stages in this development cannot be fixed. Strangely, few inscriptions of any length have been found at Petra, perhaps because they have perished with the stucco or cement which was used upon many of the buildings. The simple pylon-tombs which belong to the pre-Hellenic age serve as evidence for the earliest period. It is not known how far back in this stage the Nabataean settlement goes, but it does not go back farther than the 6th century BCE. A period follows in which the dominant civilization combines Greek, Egyptian and Syrian elements, clearly pointing to the age of the Ptolemies. Towards the close of the 2nd century BCE, when the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms were equally depressed, the Nabataean kingdom came to the front. Under Aretas III Philhellene, (c.85–60 BCE), the royal coins begin. The theatre was probably excavated at that time, and Petra must have assumed the aspect of a Hellenistic city. In the reign of Aretas IV Philopatris, (9 BCE–40 CE), the fine tombs of the el-I~ejr type may be dated, and perhaps also the great High-place. Roman rule In 106 CE, when Cornelius Palma was governor of Syria, that part of Arabia under the rule of Petra was absorbed into the Roman Empire as part of Arabia Petraea, becoming capital. The native dynasty came to an end. But the city continued to flourish. A century later, in the time of Alexander Severus, when the city was at the height of its splendor, the issue of coinage comes to an end. There is no more building of sumptuous tombs, owing apparently to some sudden catastrophe, such as an invasion by the neo-Persian power under the Sassanid Empire. Meanwhile, as Palmyra (fl. 130–270) grew in importance and attracted the Arabian trade away from Petra, the latter declined. It seems, however, to have lingered on as a religious centre. A Roman road was constructed at the site. Epiphanius of Salamis (c.315–403) writes that in his time a feast was held there on December 25 in honor of the virgin Khaabou (Chaabou) and her offspring Dushara (Haer. 51). Religion
The Nabataeans worshipped the Arab gods and goddesses of the pre-Islamic times as well as a few of their deified kings. One, Obodas I, was deified after his death. Dushara was the main male god accompanied by his female trinity: Al-‘Uzzá, Allat and Man?t. Many statues carved in the rock depict these gods and goddesses.
The Monastery, Petra's largest monument, dates from the 1st century BCE. It was dedicated to Obodas I and is believed to be the symposium of Obodas the god. This information is inscribed on the ruins of the Monastery (the name is the translation of the Arabic "Ad Deir"). Christianity found its way to Petra in the 4th century CE, nearly 500 years after the establishment of Petra as a trade center. Athanasius mentions a bishop of Petra (Anhioch. 10) named Asterius. At least one of the tombs (the "tomb with the urn"?) was used as a church. An inscription in red paint records its consecration "in the time of the most holy bishop Jason" (447). After the Islamic conquest of 629–632 Christianity in Petra, as of most of Arabia, gave way to Islam. During the First Crusade Petra was occupied by Baldwin I of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and formed the second fief of the barony of Al Karak (in the lordship of Oultrejordain) with the title Chateau de la Valée de Moyse or Sela. It remained in the hands of the Franks until 1189. It is still a titular see of the Catholic Church. According to Arab tradition, Petra is the spot where Moses struck a rock with his staff and water came forth, and where Moses' brother, Aaron, is buried, at Mount Hor, known today as Jabal Haroun or Mount Aaron. The Wadi Musa or "Wadi of Moses" is the Arab name for the narrow valley at the head of which Petra is sited. A mountaintop shrine of Moses' sister Miriam was still shown to pilgrims at the time of Jerome in the 4th century, but its location has not been identified since.
apa apa pun...LOBAI SAMDOL HANYALAH SEORANG uneducated moron who goes in circles chasing HIS own black and berkerak backside. hahaha... backside samdol hitam dan berkerak!  MUAH..HAHAHAAAA 
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He he he he ... lagi sekali lobai mat slow v2 konfom support pendirian geng muslim
Ko dah kena tampar banyak sangat sampai ko dah naik beol
Last2 support pendirian geng muslim
Ni bit part dari ko :
Petra in Jordan has been declared to be one of the world wonders in 2007.The prophet Salih was sent to the Thamud. The Holy Quran says, “The Thamud rejected the Messengers. When their brother Salih said to them: Will you not be righteous! I am sent to you as a trusty Messenger.” (Al Quran 26:142-144)
The Holy Quran says about the Thamud:
The Thamud who were the addressee of the prophet Salih were destroyed in an earthquake because of their arrogance and mischief. When we study the history of earlier nations we can draw certain lessons and inferences. In the words of Dr. Robert McGhee, Curator of the Canadian Museum of Civilization:
The conclusion drawn by Dr Robert McGhee resonates with the teaching of many of the verses of the Holy Quran:
According to Encyclopedia Britannica:
There is general consensus that the Thamud were a people of ancient Arabia who were known from the first millennium BC to near the time of the Prophet Muhammad, may peace be upon him. Although they are thought to have originated in southern Arabia, from the people of the ‘Ad, Arabic tradition has them moving north to settle on the slopes of Mount Athlab near Madain Saleh. Numerous Thamudic rock writings and pictures have been found on Mount Athlab and throughout central Arabia.
THE PROPHET SALIH, MADAIN SALIH OR HEGRAAccording to the Holy Quran:
In other words the ruins of ‘Ad and Thamud are discernible by the posterity. There is a separate knol about the ruins of the people of ‘Ad in southern Arabia. The ruins of the Thamud are Madain Salih and Petra.
Madain Salih is known in the European literature as Hegra derived from Al-Hijr. Madain Salih are the ruins of the people of the prophet Salih, may peace be on him. In a separate knol, I have reviewed that the term Al Hijr, may be more applicable to Petra than Madain Salih, in a knol that is completely devoted to Petra.
Ko baru aje konfom yg Quran betul ttg Nabi Salih(as) & Thamud & peninggalan Thamud : Madain Salih & Petra
Tak catat pon yg Qibla pertama , Islam bermula & Nabi Muhammad(saw) lahir kat Petra sebagaimana klaim gila ko
Aku tau aku tau ... ko dah 'peeeeek' tampar macam ini :
Dah jadik beol & mereng
Alahai , kesian kat lobai mat slow v2 ... tunggu masa aje nak menangis
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Edited by sam1528 at 1-12-2018 11:43 AM
Baaaahwahwahwa .... lobai mat slow sekali lagi konfom diri tu amat2 kureng cerdik
Dah kena macam ni :
Ke hulu ke hilir lah dok jaja ... 7cad tau ... 7 cad macam ni :
HAHAHA..nampak ye ye sahaja lobai estate reply tapi betapa bodoh dan low iq punya lobai estate kerana tak faham artikal, ka lobai estate GILA?
woi lobai estate lupa ka islam hanya bermula pada 7cad? turutan dalam artikal tu dah betul sangat dah siap ada kaaba. cuma lobai estate sahaja yang bodoh low iq tak faham kerana menggunakan google trans
apa apa pun...LOBAI SAMDOL HANYALAH SEORANG uneducated moron who goes in circles chasing HIS own black and berkerak backside. hahaha... backside samdol hitam dan berkerak! MUAH..HAHAHAAAA
Ko agak2 lah 7cad atau 7th century tu duration berapa thn tambi? 1 thn ke , 5 thn ke , 10 thn ke , 20 thn ke , 60 thn ke , 100 thn ke?
Rujukkan ko sendiri bagi spt berikut :
700-1096 Following the Islamic conquest, Petra becomes little more than a village. During the First Crusade, the Christian king of Jerusalem, Baldwin I, occupies Petra, now part of the barony of Karak.
Cuba ko baca balik rujukkan ko sendiri : Conquest started during the Umayyad Period (CE638 - CE750)
Started in the 7th Century CE jugak tambi tapi ko agak2 lah ini selepas atau sebelum wafatnya Nabi Muhammad(saw)?
Ko ni tau ke ttg dates yg ko baca? Ko lagi sekali buktikan yg ko ni amat2 kureng fasih english
Kebodohan ko ni defies logic lah tambi ... ko salah satu org yg paling bodoh kat Forum Cari ni
Kah kah kah ... lobai mat slow v2 ... ko tak kesian ke kat mak pak ko ... kebodohan ko reflects badly on them tau
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Post time 1-12-2018 02:20 AM
变色卡
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