Sejarah/Mengenali Pfizer Inc.

CitySity · Post time 24-2-2021 05:23 PM

Edited by CitySity at 24-2-2021 05:25 PM

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Pfizer was founded in 1849 by two recent German immigrants to the USA, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart. Both in their mid-twenties, the two men set up what was initially a fine chemicals business in a Brooklyn factory, using a loan from Pfizer’s father as capital.

The company’s first product, a palatable anti-parasitic drug, made to taste like toffee, united Pfizer’s skills as a chemist with Erhart’s training as a confectioner. It was a success, and set the pattern for the company’s future development.

The convulsion of the American Civil War, which broke out soon after in 1862, had as much of an impact on the nascent pharmaceutical industry as on American society in general.

The “first industrial war” involved drug producers as much as weapons manufacturers. Like their competitor Squibb, the sudden need for enormous quantities of painkillers and antiseptics for the Union armies provided a great scope to expand production. By 1868, Pfizer’s revenues had doubled since the start of the war, and their product lines had expanded greatly.

After the war, Pfizer continued to focus on industrial chemicals as much as medicines, producing the citric acid needed for the emerging soft drinks industry, fuelling brands like Coca Cola and Dr Pepper’s expansion in the 1880s. This became their mainstay for many years, laying the basis for their continued growth. Also, when supply of tartaric acid was disrupted due to the civil war and increased tariffs, Pfizer developed its production to become the leading supplier of chemicals in the US.

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Erhart died in 1891, and Pfizer in 1906, leaving a company of around 200 employees in the hands of Emil Pfizer, who served as president until the 1940s, the last member of the Pfizer family to be involved in managing the company. Under his stewardship, Pfizer’s expertise in scientific production methods developed greatly.

In 1919 their scientists pioneered mould fermentation production of citric acid from molasses, freeing their citric acid business from European citrus fruit supplies, which had been disrupted by the First World War.

They developed a deep tank fermentation process, the principles of which would later be applied to the production of penicillin. As a consequence of Pfizer’s innovation, the price of citric acid tumbled over the succeeding decades, with the value of the chemical falling by 5/6ths in 20 years. In 1936 the company discovered a fermentation free method of producing vitamin C, which they rapidly expanded into vitamins B2 and B12 amongst others, rapidly becoming a leading vitamin producer – chemicals that were very novel at the time.

This expertise in fermentation and large-scale pharmaceutical production put Pfizer in good stead when in 1941 the US government appealed to the pharma industry for support in producing penicillin for the war effort. In an unprecedented collaboration, Pfizer worked with government scientists, the researchers such as Frederick Banting who had been working on the drug before the war, and a plethora of other players in the industry to markedly improve the efficiency of drug production, as they proudly state “most of the penicillin that [went] ashore with Allied force on D-Day [was] made by Pfizer”.

Throughout the 60s and 70s the company continued to bring out new drugs, such as the broad spectrum antibiotic Vibramycin, and broadening its research base, reorganising its R&D operations in 1971 into a Central Research Division, and increasing spend on this area of the company from 5% to 15% of revenue. This attention to innovation began to pay off in the 1980s, with a series of blockbusters, the first of which, the COX inhibitor Feldene, arrived in 1980 rapidly becoming one of the biggest-selling anti-inflammatories in the world. Others rapidly followed, including Glucotrol, aimed at diabetics, and Procardia, an anti-hypertensive. The 1990s and 2000s would soon take this blockbuster-based success to new levels.

The statin Lipitor, approved in 1997 for Warner-Lambert before their merger with Pfizer, became the biggest-selling prescription medicine ever, earning Pfizer $12 billion a year in 2007, one quarter of its total sales. It almost hadn’t made it through clinical development, facing problems with ineffective chiral isomers and limited efficacy in animal testing, but showed such impact in human trials that it blew the competition away.

seribulan · Post time 24-2-2021 05:33 PM

Good info

seribulan · Post time 24-2-2021 05:33 PM

Good info

seribulan · Post time 25-2-2021 12:29 PM

Bump

.

CitySity · Post time 26-2-2021 04:56 PM

seribulan replied at 24-2-2021 05:33 PM
Good info

Terima kasih

seribulan · Post time 26-2-2021 08:10 PM

CitySity replied at 26-2-2021 03:56 PM
Terima kasih

Sejarah Covid 19...pulak dah

Thailand nafi dakwaan WHO mengatakan COVID-19 berpunca dari sana
Februari 26, 2021 @ 6:16pm

BANGKOK: Thailand semalam menafikan teori Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO) yang mendakwa virus COVID-19 mungkin berasal dari Pasar Chatuchak.

Kenyataan itu dibuat sebagai maklum balas kepada laporan WHO, yang dikatakan sedang memantau Pasar Chatuchak kerana kemungkinan menjadi punca penyebaran coronavirus itu.

Ia berikutan laporan media Denmark mengatakan pasukan penyiasat WHO yang mengunjungi bandar Wuhan, China Januari lalu sangsi dengan teori bahawa virus itu berasal dari sana dan sedang mencari sumber jangkitan lain.

Antaranya, mereka mengesyaki virus COVID-19 mungkin berasal dari Asia Tenggara dan secara khusus merujuk kepada penjual haiwan liar di Pasar Chatuchak.

Bagaimanapun, Bahagian Pentadbiran Metropolitan Bangkok (BMA), yang mengawasi pasar di ibu negara itu, semalam memaklumkan pembeli tidak dibenarkan membawa haiwan peliharaan mereka masuk ke Pasar Chatuchak.

Pengarah bahagian pemasaran, BMA, Phinit Arayasilpathorn, berkata kebanyakan penjual di pasar itu menjual pakaian, tumbuh-tumbuhan serta pelbagai barangan lain dan premis itu kerap disanitasi sejak bermulanya pandemik COVID-19.

Isnin lalu, akhbar Denmark, Politiken, menerbitkan rencana mempersoalkan sama ada Pasar Chatuchak adalah lokasi sebenar asal-usul coronavirus yang kemudian merebak ke Wuhan.

Rencana itu memetik kenyataan Pakar Epidemiologi Denmark, Thea Kolsen Fisher, yang turut terbabit dalam misi penyiasatan di China baru-baru ini, mengatakan Asia Tenggara mungkin menjadi sumber penyebaran virus itu.

Selasa lalu, Fischer, yang dipetik akhbar sama, bercakap mengenai penemuan baharu mengenai kewujudan kelawar ladam kuda di Thailand, mirip kepada spesis kelawar pembawa coronavirus menyebabkan COVID-19.

Dalam perkembangan berkaitan, Ketua Jabatan Kawalan Penyakit dan Bahagian Risiko Kesihatan Kecemasan, Dr Chawetsan Namwat, berkata Thailand sudah meneliti laporan akhbar Denmark itu.

"

ihak kami menolak kemungkinan Asia Tenggara sebagai lokasi asal-usul COVID-19, kami sudah meneliti isu ini dan ia jelas tidak benar.

"Tidak ada bukti akademik yang menunjukkan penyebaran COVID-19 daripada mana-mana haiwan di Pasar Chatuchak," katanya.

Sementara itu, Arit Srithong, yang mengawasi Pasar Chatuchak, berkata pasukan WHO itu mungkin mengaitkan asal usul COVID-19 dengan lokasi penjualan binatang peliharaan dan hidupan liar berdekatan Chatuchak, iaitu Pasar Sri Somrat.

Bagaimanapun, katanya, pasar itu juga sentiasa dikawal selia dengan baik termasuk kerap menjalani proses sanitasi dan kebanyakan penjual mengikuti pelbagai langkah keselamatan bagi membendung penularan COVID-19.

Untuk rekod, Pasar Chatuchak terkenal kerana menjual pelbagai haiwan hidup termasuk hidupan liar terlarang yang dijual secara haram.

Ia turut menjadi lokasi wajib dikunjungi pelancong antarabangsa, sekali gus mengundang teori kenapa virus itu dapat merebak ke serata dunia dengan begitu mudah. - AGENSI

CitySity · Post time 27-2-2021 03:19 PM

seribulan replied at 26-2-2021 08:10 PM
Sejarah Covid 19...pulak dah

Thailand nafi dakwaan WHO mengatakan COVID-19 berpunca dari san ...

Haha.Terbaik. Thanks for sharing

seribulan · Post time 27-2-2021 09:53 PM

CitySity replied at 27-2-2021 02:19 PM
Haha.Terbaik. Thanks for sharing

Vaksin Sinovac sama berkesan
Bernama
Februari 27, 2021 20:57 MYT

KUALA LUMPUR: Vaksin COVID-19 Sinovac keluaran China yang diterima Malaysia hari ini berkesan dalam mencegah jangkitan COVID-19 sama seperti vaksin jenis Pfizer-BioNTech.
Pegawai Perubatan Columbia Asia Hospital Cheras, Dr Malar Santhi Santherasegapan berkata ujian klinikal yang dijalankan di Brazil dan Turki mendapati tahap keberkesanan vaksin Sinovac masing-masing negara adalah 50.4 peratus dan 91.2 peratus.
Beliau berkata ada kalangan dalam masyarakat yang salah faham apabila menganggap bahawa 50.4 peratus sukarelawan di Brazil yang mengambil vaksin itu sihat manakala lagi 49.6 peratus yang mengambil vaksin mendapat kesan sampingan yang memudaratkan.

"Tetapi (sebenarnya) tahap keberkesanan yang dimaksudkan pada penerima yang 50.4 peratus itu (ialah mereka) telah berjaya membina imuniti terhadap COVID-19 dan 100 peratus daripada mereka tidak langsung mendapat jangkitan atau memerlukan rawatan rapi dan tiada yang meninggal dunia," katanya dalam progam khas terbitan Bernama TV yang disiarkan di Facebook bertajuk "Malaysia Terima Vaksin COVID-19" hari ini.
Menurutnya peratusan itu adalah tahap keberkesanan untuk membina imuniti dan bukannya baki daripada peratusan itu yang mendapat kesan sampingan daripada vaksin.

Malar Santhi seterusnya menegaskan tidak ada langsung data menyokong pendapat yang menyatakan bahawa Orang Kurang Upaya (OKU) berisiko tinggi mendapat kesan sampingan daripada mana-mana jenis vaksin COVID-19.
Sementara itu Pensyarah Kanan Fakulti Ekonomi dan Pentadbiran Universiti Malaya, Dr Mohammad Tawfik Yaakub berkata ketibaan vaksin COVID-19 juga boleh menjana ekonomi negara apabila lebih ramai sudah boleh bekerja dengan selamat.
-- BERNAMA
@ipes2

ipes2 · Post time 28-2-2021 09:41 PM

very good piece City

seribulan · Post time 28-2-2021 09:45 PM

Vaksin Johnson & Johnson dapat lampu hijau
TERJEMAHAN SINAR HARIAN | | 28 Februari 2021

WASHINGTON - Amerika Syarikat (AS) pada Sabtu meluluskan vaksin Covid-19 dihasilkan Johnson & Johnson (J&J) untuk kegunaan kecemasan, sekali gus menjadikan ia sebagai vaksin ketiga yang bakal digunakan bagi membendung penularan wabak yang telah meragut lebih 500,000 nyawa di negara itu.

Keputusan itu dibuat selepas Pentadbiran Makanan dan Ubat-ubatan (FDA) mengesahkan vaksin suntikan dos tunggal itu sangat berkesan untuk mencegah Covid-19 yang teruk termasuk ancaman varian baharu.

“Kelulusan diberikan memperluaskan lagi ketersediaan vaksin yang merupakan kaedah pencegahan terbaik bagi membantu kita memerangi pandemik ini,” kata pemangku pengarah badan pengawal selia itu, Janet Woodcock.

Di bawah pengumuman itu, individu berusia 18 tahun dan ke atas dibenarkan untuk mendapatkan suntikan vaksin J&J tersebut selepas ia mendapat sokongan sebulat suara panel pakar badan terbabit pada Jumaat lalu.

Keputusan ujian klinikal terbesar juga menunjukkan tahap keberkesanan vaksin itu terhadap gejala yang teruk mencapai tahap 85.9 peratus di AS, 81.7 peratus di Afrika Selatan dan 87.6 peratus di Brazil.

Secara keseluruhan, keputusan membabitkan ujian terhadap 39,321 sukarelawan membuktikan vaksin tersebut adalah 85.4 peratus efisien.

Presiden Joe Biden turut menyambut baik pengumuman tersebut.

“Ia adalah khabar gembira buat seluruh rakyat Amerika dan perkembangan yang menggalakkan di bawah usaha kita untuk menghentikan krisis ini,” katanya selepas vaksin J&J mendapat lampu hijau.

Firma farmaseutikal itu dijangka mengeluarkan kira-kira satu bilion dos vaksin Covid-19 pada 2021 dan telah mencapai perjanjian dengan beberapa negara serta merancang membekalkan 50 juta vaksin kepada negara miskin di bawah kerjasama dengan COVAX. - AFP