CARI Infonet

 Forgot password?
 Register

ADVERTISEMENT

1234
Return to list New
Author: raeshad

Fancy some Tutankhamen?

[Copy link]
Post time 24-2-2006 12:44 AM | Show all posts
Tapi belum jumpa bukti. Apahal pun menarik kisah2 sejarah ,politik , sosial dan artwork Ancient Egyptian ni. Suatu hari nanti saya nak pergi Mesir, nak duk lama sikit, nak melawat semua tempat bersejarah ni dan Cairo Museum of couse. Ish, berapa jam dan hari agaknya baru nak habis pusing dan menikmati artifacts dalam musuim ni. Tak sabar la...:bgrin: Berangan dulu

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report


ADVERTISEMENT


Post time 16-3-2006 04:12 PM | Show all posts
Diriwayatkan setelah kematian Tut, Horemheb telah banyak menukar nama Ankhenaten yang terukir di mana2 tempat kepada nama dia sendiri. AW.

Masa zaman Egypt purba, ugama memainkan peranan yang amat besar dalam penghidupan setiap rakyat Egypt. Mereka ada sect paderi yang menganggap firaun sebagai raja dan tuhan. Mereka mempunyai lebih dari 2000 tuhan yang mentadbir semua sisi penghidupan mereka. Yang amat memberi kesan ialah Osiris, tuhan kematian, dan Re, tuhan matahari. Mereka percaya setiap firaun adalah anak Re dan setiap firau yang mati adalah Osiris.



Osiris

Mereka juga percaya apabila keperluan firaun yang telah mati disediakan, ini akan memberi keberkatan kepada Egypt. Dengan ini mereka memumiakan firaun yang sudah mati dan menyediakan makanan, arak, batu2 permata dan lain2 peralatan dan di kuburkan bersama di dalam piramid yang di reka khas untuk membantu perjalanan roh firaun ke syurga.

Dalam tiori, Firaun mempunyai keseluruhan bumi Egypt. Mereka mempunyai dokumen seperti "deed" dan harta pesaka diturunkan menerusi sebelah perempuan kerana wanita dipandang tinggi oleh masyarakat Egypt. Wanita boleh juka menjadi pemimpin.

(Akan disambung)

[ Last edited by hamizao at 16-3-2006 04:20 PM ]

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

Post time 16-3-2006 07:20 PM | Show all posts
Setiap Firaun mentadbir menerusi pegawai2, yang tertinggi sekali adalah canselor dan wazir. Putera2 yang berpangkat mengikut keturunan memerintah provinsi2 dan mereka bertanggung jawab sepenuhnya atas penghakiman di provinsi mereka. Hanya kes2 yang besar dirujukkan ke penghakiman tinggi "Great Kenbet" di ibu negeri.

Rakyat dalam negeri dikenakan cukai untuk mengisi perbendaharaan negeri. Di perbatasan pula tarif di kutip dari saudagar2. Kerana belum menggunakan wang atau duit cukai di bayar dalam bentuk barangan seperti bijirin (kalau dari peladang)yang akan diguna untuk membayar orang2 gaji firaun dan juga untuk diguna dalam masa famin.

Sungguhpun firaun amat berkuasa, mereka masih bergantung kepada paderi2 dan penyalin2/scribes untuk menampung tamadun mereka. Jadi, tak ramai yang mempunyai pengetahuan seperti astronomi, metametik dan penulisan untuk mengrekodkan pengetahuan tersebut. Mereka telah mereka kalender 365-hari dan menambah 1/4hari pada setiap tahun. Saya teringat orang2 di Sumaria pun ada sistem ini. Tak pasti siapa pinjam pada siapa!! :hmm::hmm:

Mereka juga mempunyai sistem kiraan sehingga 1 juta ...tetapi panjanglah tulisannya! :stp::stp:



Pelajaran diajar disekolah2 kuil dimana paderi2 dan penyalin2 sendiri yang mengajar. Tulisan2 di buat atas kertas gulung papyrus...ada yang panjang sampai 100 kaki!

Sungguhpun Egypt dikirakan tidak semaju tamadun Mesopotamia, akan tetapi Egypt telah dapat melanjutkan adat budaya mereka selama beribu2 tahun apabila Mesopotamia kerap dilanda peperangan dan keganasan.

[ Last edited by hamizao at 18-3-2006 11:16 PM ]

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

Post time 18-3-2006 11:35 PM | Show all posts

Originally posted by belanga at 18-2-2006 02:44 AM
Ada dengar, Rabu lepas, egyptologist jumpa lagi satu tomb di Valley of the kings? Ada 5 mummies berserta dengan canopic jars. Entah siapa ya? Sangat menarik selepas lebih 80 th. selepas Tut, baru jumpa yg. lain lagi.  ...  


Dah ada berita lanjut ttg penjumpaan ini. Reuters melapurkan seperti berikur.......

Mon Mar 13, 6:30 PM ET

Pharaonic find was mummification room, not tomb

CAIRO (Reuters) - A chamber discovered last month in the Valley of the Kings was a room used by the ancient Egyptians for mummifying pharaohs buried in the area, rather than a tomb, Egypt's top archaeologist said on Monday.

Zahi Hawass said five sarcophagi found in the chamber contained remnants of pottery, shrouds and materials used in mummification.

The team from the University of Memphis which discovered the chamber had also opened 10 sealed jars found there to discover other materials used in mummification.

"This...is not a tomb for nobles or relatives of a king, as had been thought upon its discovery, but rather it is a room for mummification," Hawass said in a statement.

The chamber was found at the bottom of a 20-foot shaft. Hawass said last month the sarcophagi may contain the mummies of royals or notables moved from their original graves to protect them from grave robbers.

Ancient Egyptians buried rulers including Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, which lies close to the Nile town of Luxor. The sarcophagi date from the 18th Dynasty, which ruled Egypt from 1567 BC to 1320 BC.

Tutankhamun's tomb was discovered packed with treasures in 1922.

[ Last edited by hamizao at 18-3-2006 11:36 PM ]

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

Post time 20-3-2006 02:46 AM | Show all posts
Hamizao, thanks for the latest news. Will check that out.
Reply

Use magic Report

Post time 23-3-2006 12:09 PM | Show all posts
Egyptian civilization was also prone to decadence and this gave the opportunity for foreigners to invade. One such decay happened during the 14th dynasty when the Syrians again overran N Egypt. They are often called the dessert princes or Sheperd Kings or simply Hyksos. With their conquest, there was flooding of the Semetic tribes and Egyptian culture took refuge in the south. As it is with all government, the Hyksos too went into decadence and Egyptian culture returned to N Egypt. It was brought bach by the dark, curly-haired Nubians lead by Aahmes who drove out the Hyksos back to Syria and set up the 18th dynasty. Hence began the rules of Aahmes and the Amenhoteps,Thothmes, Hatshepsut and finally Tut and Horemheb.

There was a famous battle at Megiddo between Tothmes III and the Syrians whence the city ws plundered of over:

2,000 horses;
900   chariots
2,000 bulls
20,000 sheep
200lbs gold & silver
150,000 bushels corn
armours, furniture, bronze and jewellery

Every year since then such plunder was obtained as tribute or otherwise captured. After 20 years Syria was stripped off all wealth, artists and it's women. :cry::cry:

This altered Egyptian culture and art.

Among the Semitic tribes that lingered in Egypt forming it's workforce was the Israelites.

[ Last edited by hamizao at 23-3-2006 10:33 PM ]

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

Follow Us
Post time 29-3-2006 05:33 PM | Show all posts

Grave Robbing 1

Grave robbing has thrived in Egypt from the days of the ancients. The tombs of royals and the elite were most at risk, since they contained great riches in the form of valuable funerary objects including gold jewellery and domestic objects inlaid with precious stones, alabaster and faience. Even the graves of the poor, however, were prey to robbery for the sake of the meagre offerings and adornments entombed with the deceased.

Despite the curse-invoking texts engraved on tomb walls, certain architectural steps taken to prevent theft, severe punishments and warnings that robbers would be judged by the gods in the afterlife, grave robbers continued to plunder tombs.

Robberies reached a peak in Roman times. Many ancient Egyptian monuments and other objects were smuggled from their original location to Europe, especially to Rome. Rome currently houses 15 ancient Egyptian obelisks. In the Middle Ages illicit trade in art and cultural artefacts flourished, partly because the Crusaders believed ancient Egyptian objects could cure disease. During the Renaissance, when the world witnessed a massive boom in art, the demand for antiquities increased to fill palaces all over Europe.

The Mamluke and Ottoman khedives did not recognise the priceless value of Egypt's heritage, and readily sent some splendid monuments abroad in response to the interest shown by Europeans. To mention just a few, the first collection in the Vienna Museum was granted by Khedive Abbas I and Said Pasha to the Austrian prince Archidum Maximium, while the obelisk in the Place de la Concorde in Paris was given to the French King Louis Philippe by Mohamed Ali Pasha in return for the clock in the Citadel. The situation went from bad to worse, with the offering of Egyptian antiquities to foreign governments becoming a diplomatic trend.


A coloured anthropoid sarcophagus recovered from Switzerland


Foreign excavation missions working in Egypt during that time were acting as antiquities traders. They succeeded in transporting many Egyptian artefacts to their own countries, creating a great ancient Egyptian collection in the Louvre, the British Museum and the Berlin Museum, among others. In addition, applying the division policy on newly- discovered artefacts was another legal opportunity for foreigners to obtain more ancient artefacts. National and international laws at that time approved the trading of antiquities, and one of the Egyptian Museum's galleries was an auction hall where a monthly antiquities auction was held. After the completion of the Nubia temples salvage operation, the Egyptian government offered a large number of monuments to foreign countries in compensation of their efforts. The Dabur Temple, for example, was given to the Spanish government who reconstructed it on a hill in the Madrid Museum, while in 1974 the small Dendara Temple was given to the American president Richard Nixon. The Egyptian government continued to offer items of its heritage or sold them on the international market until Law 117/1983 was issued, prohibiting all such activities. According to this law, all antiquities in Egypt are the property of the state and their unlawful removal from the country subsequent to that date is theft.

It was different in the case of foreign countries which allowed the trade of antiquities. Hence the demand on ancient Egyptian antiquities has increased, and once again the illicit trade in art and cultural artefacts has increased dramatically, including the pillaging of archaeological sites and the illegal export of objects protected by international law by passing them off as replicas from the Khan Al-Khalili bazaar. Antiquities robbers succeeded in smuggling many ancient pieces in this way, but over the last decade Egypt's efforts through diplomatic channels and in cooperation with museums around the world -- which in some cases were offered as objects for sale, in others were approached for authentication -- have resulted in the successful retrieval of several stolen antiquities.

The doors began to creak open for the antiquities flow back home almost 10 years ago, when a British high court convicted a British subject, Jonathan Tokeley-Parry, of smuggling Egyptian antiquities. The objects in question were returned to Egypt in two consignments. The first, which arrived two years ago, comprised 27 papyrus texts in the demotic script dating from 300 BC; 12 Coptic textiles; a sixth-dynasty limestone relief of a seated woman named Se-Chess-Hat; a terracotta statue of an unknown person; Graeco-Roman mummy masks; a magnificent bronze statue of the god Horus; an unidentifiable royal head in granite; coloured reliefs from ancient Egyptian tombs, and objects from the tomb of Hetep-Ka at Saqqara. The latter included two false doors, three heads of the nobleman wearing a wig, and a limestone relief showing a butcher at work. The objects are now on display in Cairo's Egyptian Museum.

The second batch of retrieved objects arrived in Egypt in mid-2001, and included six papyri (one written in Latin and the other five in Greek), and a limestone head of Queen Nefertari, the beloved wife of Pharaoh Ramses II. What has also paved the way and gave support for Egypt's continuous efforts to retrieve works of arts has been the recognition of Egypt's antiquities law in American courts, after antiquities dealer Frederick Schultz was indicted on charges of breaking the Egyptian law. He was convicted in a federal district court in Lower Manhattan for conspiring to smuggle and possess looted Egyptian artefacts. The judge gave Schultz 33 months, the low end of the 33 to 41 months he was facing, and said he would request that Schultz be held at the federal facility in Allenwood, Pennsylvania, where white-collar criminals often do their time. Schultz was also fined $50,000 -- a fraction of the $575,000 pre-sentencing recommendation -- with the judge noting that for white collar crimes the real deterrence resided in jail time. Schultz, who has been ordered to return a relief to Egypt, will be on probation for two years following his release. Since the Schultz case, Egypt's smuggled and stolen artefacts have continued to make their way back home. - Al-Ahram

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

Post time 29-3-2006 05:42 PM | Show all posts

Grave Robbing 2

When Zahi Hawass became secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) in 2002, he put the introduction of new security measures to combat the theft and smuggling of Egyptian antiquities high on his agenda. He updated security measures and started to catalogue all the artefacts stored in antiquities depots scattered across Egypt. He also built 33 high-tech storage units in the country, as well as constructing new national museums. He has provided further training for the staff who guard Egypt's priceless artefacts. To this end, Hawass has formed the Department of Retrieving Stolen Artefacts, which comb the websites of international auction halls in an attempt to identify stolen pieces and demand their return. This later department has been effective over the last three years in having stolen artefacts returned to Egypt, such as statues from Karnak and other temples, two Roman masks and a beautiful relief of King Amenhotep III. At last, courts around the world are beginning to recognise the ownership claims of Egypt on their cultural property. Museums and customs officials all over the world are now repatriating artefacts to their rightful home. The Michael C Carlos Museum (MCCM) has offered Egypt the mummy of Pharaoh Ramses I, the grandfather of Egypt's most famous pharaoh, Ramses II. The mummy is believed to have been looted from the Valley of the Kings in 1871 and sold to an antiquities dealer. The mummy of Ramses I is thought to have left Egypt in the hands of a Canadian antiquities collector, and at the beginning of the 20th century it turned up in Canada's Niagara Falls Museum. The MCCM later purchased the entire Egyptian collection of the Niagara Falls Museum, including the mummy.


Egypt recovered Akhenaton's sarcophagus from Germany - BBC News

The recovery of a cache of 300 stolen objects from Switzerland was the result of a massive antiquities smuggling bust involving the former head of the National Democratic Party's Giza office, Tarek El-Sweissi, along with 30 other people. The artefacts, which span the spectrum from the prehistoric to the Pharaonic, Hellenic and Graeco- Roman eras, included two mummies, several sarcophagi, as well as statues, mummy masks and other items.

Seven 2,500 year old artefacts at the centre of an alleged smuggling racket have also been handed over to Egypt by the Australian government. The artefacts were discovered in Melbourne after the Australian government agreed to a request from the Egyptian government to help in the global search for the items. The Egyptian government is currently prosecuting the alleged perpetrators, and the artefacts will be used as material evidence in the case. The seven objects include ushabtis (small funerary statuettes), a bronze axe head, a ceramic bowl and amulets.

Police have also succeeded in breaking up two major antiquities gangs. Other security measures have also been taken to tighten antiquities trafficking. A number of archaeological checking points have been established in every Egyptian port, and high-tech security systems have been installed in most archaeological sites. Nevertheless, Egypt's heritage remains a fatal attraction for antiquity smugglers. Over the last couple of months the Egyptian Museum basement has been subjected to a theft case, which has forced the antiquities authorities responsible to make tougher new rules to combat the smuggling of antiquities.

A draft of a new antiquities law replacing the current one, Law 117/1983, is now awaiting the approval of the People's Assembly after the coming legislative elections. According to Hawass: "The old law is no longer suitable because the penalties it imposes for the crimes of antiquity trafficking are not strong enough. We need more severe penalties in order to stop further trafficking."

Ashraf Ashmawi, legal consultant in the SCA, told Al-Ahram Weekly that changes in the 1983 law focussed on five articles. The first was properly and legally to identify three main terms -- the SCA's permanent committee, the inviolable area around every monument, and the land found next door to the archaeological site -- in an attempt to provide all necessary security measures and a healthy environmental atmosphere.

The second article to be repealed is the section of the law allowing possession of antiquities. A year after the approval of the law all owners of Egyptian antiquities must hand over all objects to the SCA, which in its turn will install them in their archaeological storehouses. Ashmawi continued that Article 7 of the old law stipulating that the police were the only department authorised to remove any encroachments on archaeological sites or monuments had been changed. Such responsibility is to be given to the SCA's secretary-general, or to someone he entrusts, while the police agencies will only be a safeguarding agency while executing the secretary-general's decision. Article 30 has been added to the law stipulating that the SCA is the only authority competent to carry out restoration and preservation work for all Egyptian monuments, archaeological sites and historical edifices. The minister of culture will have the authority to assign any scientific authority or mission to execute any such work, but under complete supervision of the SCA's secretary-general.

As for penalties, according to Ashmawi all these have been doubled or tripled. A smuggler who was sentenced to 15 years and fined LE50,000 would now be sentenced to life imprisonment and fined from LE100,000 to 500,000. Anyone who steals, hides, or collects authentic artefacts, or owns them without permission, will be imprisoned for 25 years and fined from LE50,000 to 250,000 instead of three years hard labour and a LE100 fine. According to the new law, stealing or helping in robbing a part of a genuine piece or intent deliberately to disfigure it will land a sentence of 15 years and a fine of from LE50,000 to 100,000.

"The new law does not omit penalties for those who write their names or fix advertising billboards on monument walls," Ashmawi said. He said such actions would be considered a violation of Egyptian heritage, and the penalty would range from six to 12 months or a fine of LE150,000.

The new law allows clemency for anyone who confesses to or divulges information about an antiquities crime in condition that his or her confession leads to the arrest of partners in the theft or smuggling. The SCA will assign experts to check the authenticity of any confiscated objects in an attempt to guarantee an honest and accurate decision. - Al-Ahram

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report


ADVERTISEMENT


Post time 29-3-2006 06:06 PM | Show all posts
The doors began to creak open for the antiquities flow back home almost 10 years ago, when a British high court convicted a British subject, Jonathan Tokeley-Parry, of smuggling Egyptian antiquities. The objects in question were returned to Egypt in two consignments. The first, which arrived two years.....................


Just saw on National Geography about him and his co-conspirator, an American by the name of Fredrich Schultz. According to Tokeley-Parry, after the revelation, London ceased to be the business centre for antiquities. The business moved to France and Switzerland.

The program is:

Interpol Investigates: Stealing History

In 1991, antiquities smuggler, Jonathan Tokeley-Parry comes across a rare find in an ancient tomb outside of Cairo. Using his restoration skills he smuggles the piece out of Egypt into London, England. There, he and New York art dealer Frederick Schultz conspire to sell the piece as part of a fake art collection. They succeed, catapulting Tokeley-Parry in the fast track of art smuggling. Over the next few years Tokeley-Parry refines his skills and broadens his ring of couriers and smugglers. He enlists the help of Andrew May, Mark Perry and an Egyptian by the name of Ali Farag. In doing so, Tokeley-Parry becomes a prime suspect in the theft of ancient papers, discovered many years earlier and stored in a warehouse in Egypt. Investigators descend on Tokeley-Parrys office and home and uncover a plethora of incriminating evidence detailing his operation. Scotland Yard, Interpol and Egyptian Antiquities Police track down Tokeley-Parry and his co-conspirators and bring them to justice. In the end, Tokeley-Parry, Andrew May, Mark Perry and several others are tried and convicted in absentia in Egypt and sentenced to ten to fifteen years hard labor, which they will have to serve if they ever return to Egypt.

[ Last edited by hamizao at 29-3-2006 06:10 PM ]

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

You have to log in before you can reply Login | Register

Points Rules

 

ADVERTISEMENT



 

ADVERTISEMENT


 


ADVERTISEMENT
Follow Us

ADVERTISEMENT


Mobile|Archiver|Mobile*default|About Us|CARI Infonet

29-3-2024 07:57 PM GMT+8 , Processed in 0.239164 second(s), 41 queries .

Powered by Discuz! X3.4

Copyright © 2001-2021, Tencent Cloud.

Quick Reply To Top Return to the list