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Konflik Arab Israel

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Post time 26-8-2006 09:35 AM | Show all posts |Read mode
Salam n Good day

Senarai konflik

1920 Palestine riots
1921 Jaffa riots
1929 Palestine riots
1936
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:37 AM | Show all posts
Balfour Declaration, 1917

The Balfour Declaration was a letter dated November 2, 1917, from British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour, to Lord Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation, a private Zionist organization. The letter stated the position, agreed at a British Cabinet meeting on October 31, 1917, that the British government supported Zionist plans for a Jewish "national home" in Palestine, with the condition that nothing should be done which might prejudice the rights of existing communities there. It is also interesting to note that during this period Joseph Stalin set up the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Asiatic Russia, which still exists today.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration%2C_1917

Faisal-Weizmann Agreement

The Faisal-Weizmann Agreement was signed on January 3, 1919, by Emir Faisal (son of the King of Hejaz) and Chaim Weizmann (later President of the World Zionist Organization) as part of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 settling disputes stemming from World War I. It was a short-lived agreement for Arab-Jewish cooperation on the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East.

Weizmann first met Faisal in June 1918, during the British advance from the South against the Ottoman Empire in World War I. As leader of an impromptu "Zionist Commission", Weizmann traveled to southern Transjordan for the meeting. The intended purpose was to forge an agreement between Faisal and the Zionist movement to support Jewish settlement in Palestine. The wishes of the Palestinian Arabs were to be ignored, and, indeed, both men seem to have held the Palestinian Arabs in considerable disdain. Weizmann had called them "treacherous", "arrogant", "uneducated", and "greedy" and had complained to the British that the system in Palestine did "not take into account the fact that there is a fundamental qualitative difference between Jew and Arab".[1] After his meeting with Faisal, Weizmann reported that Faisal was "contemptuous of the Palestinian Arabs whom he doesn't even regard as Arabs".[2]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal-Weizmann_Agreement

Sanremo conference

The Sanremo conference was an international meeting held in Sanremo, Italy, from 19-26 April 1920. In it, the post-World War I Allied Supreme Council determined the allocation of Class "A" League of Nations mandates for administration of the former Ottoman-ruled lands of the Middle East by the victorious powers. The decisions of the conference mainly just confirmed (e.g. concerning Palestine) those of the First Conference of London (February 1920). Britain received the mandate for Palestine and Iraq, while France gained control of Syria including present-day Lebanon. The boundaries of all these territories were left unspecified, to "be determined by the Principal Allied Powers" [1] subsequently, and was in fact not completely finalized until four years later. To enforce its mandate, France subsequently intervened militarily at the Battle of Maysalun to depose the nationalist Arab government which King Faisal had meanwhile established in Damascus.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanremo_conference

1920 Palestine riots

In the years predating 1920, Muslim processions dedicated to annual spring festival Nebi Musa (Prophet Moses) were marked by intimidation of Christian communities on their way from Jerusalem on the road to Jericho.

After Emir Faisal I agreed to the establishment of a Jewish National Home in Palestine by signing the Faisal-Weizmann Agreement at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the local leaders of the Palestinian Arab community, among them the Jerusalem Mayor Musa al-Husayni, rejected this agreement made in their name, and relations between Arabs and Jews worsened. The agreement was rejected because it did not meet the condition that Prince Faisal wrote next to his signature, which rendered the agreement non-binding. This condition was that an independent Syrian state be created prior to the agreement taking effect. This state was not created during Prince Faisal's reign.

The Arab attacks of March 1920 in Galilee (see the fall of Tel Hai and Joseph Trumpeldor) and the activities of the Arab militant groups caused deep concerns among Zionist leaders, who made numerous requests to the Mandate administration to address the Yishuv's security. Their fears were ruled out by the Chief Administrative Officer General Louis Bols, Governor Ronald Storrs and General Edmund Allenby, particularly at their meeting with the President of the World Zionist Organization Dr. Chaim Weizmann, who warned them: "pogrom is in the air."

Storrs issued a warning to Arab leaders, but his forces included only 188 policemen, among them but 8 officers. The Ottoman Turks had usually deployed thousands of soldiers to keep order in the narrow streets of Jerusalem during the Nebi Musa procession.

Zeev Jabotinsky, who was earlier discharged from the British army as an "indiscreet political speaker," led an effort to openly train Jewish volunteers in self-defense. The request to the British authorities to allow arming of the defenders was declined; however, about 600 Jews were secretly armed with small guns.

Tom Segev claims Arab attacks were encouraged by Edmund Allenby: "Allenby's aide, Col. Bertie Waters-Taylor, told the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husayni, "that he had a great opportunity to show the world that the Arabs of Palestine would not tolerate Jewish domination in Palestine; that Zionism was unpopular not only with the Palestine adminstration but in Whitehall; and if disturbances of sufficient violence occurred in Jerusalem at Easter, both General Bols and General Allenby would advocate the abandonment of the Jewish Home."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Palestine_riots

[ Last edited by  fleurzsa at 26-8-2006 10:16 AM ]
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:39 AM | Show all posts
Jaffa riots

On May 1, 1921, fighting began in Tel Aviv-Jaffa between rival groups of Jewish activists: Bolsheviks, carrying Yiddish banners demanding Soviet Palestine versus Socialists parading on May Day. The Socialists had police permission, while the Communists did not and, when fighting broke out, the police chased the communists back into the Tel Aviv.

Hearing the fighting, the Arabs of Jaffa feared they were under attack by the Jews and went on the offensive. Fighting went on for several days and spread throughout Palestine.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_riots

Churchill White Paper, 1922

The Churchill White Paper of 3 June 1922 clarified how Britain viewed the Balfour Declaration, 1917. That Declaration announced the British intent to aid the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people", wording which became controversial.

The key components of the White Paper are summarized by these quotations from it:

"The tension which has prevailed from time to time in Palestine is mainly due to apprehensions, which are entertained both by sections of the Arab and by sections of the Jewish population. These apprehensions, so far as the Arabs are concerned are partly based upon exaggerated interpretations of the meaning of the [Balfour] Declaration favouring the establishment of a Jewish National Home in Palestine, made on behalf of His Majesty's Government on 2 November 1917."

'Unauthorized statements have been made to the effect that the purpose in view is to create a wholly Jewish Palestine. Phrases have been used such as that Palestine is to become "as Jewish as England is English." His Majesty's Government regard any such expectation as impracticable and have no such aim in view. They would draw attention to the fact that the terms of the Declaration referred to do not contemplate that Palestine as a whole should be converted into a Jewish National Home, but that such a Home should be founded "in Palestine." In this connection it has been observed with satisfaction that at a meeting of the Zionist Congress, the supreme governing body of the Zionist Organization, held at Carlsbad in September, 1921, a resolution was passed expressing as the official statement of Zionist aims "the determination of the Jewish people to live with the Arab people on terms of unity and mutual respect, and together with them to make the common home into a flourishing community, the upbuilding of which may assure to each of its peoples an undisturbed national development"'.

'it is contemplated that the status of all citizens of Palestine in the eyes of the law shall be Palestinian, and it has never been intended that they, or any section of them, should possess any other juridical status. So far as the Jewish population of Palestine are concerned it appears that some among them are apprehensive that His Majesty's Government may depart from the policy embodied in the Declaration of 1917. It is necessary, therefore, once more to affirm that these fears are unfounded, and that that Declaration, re-affirmed by the Conference of the Principal Allied Powers at San Remo and again in the Treaty of Sevres, is not susceptible of change.'

'During the last two or three generations the Jews have recreated in Palestine a community, now numbering 80,000
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:40 AM | Show all posts

1929 Palestine riots

In the summer of 1929, a long-running dispute between Muslims and Jews over access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem became steadily more violent, and erupted in a series of demonstrations and riots in late August. During the week of riots, 133 Jews were killed and 339 wounded (mostly by Arabs); 116 Arabs were killed and 232 wounded (mostly by British-commanded police and soldiers)[citation needed].

The Hebron massacre refers to the killing of many Orthodox Jews in Hebron in the course of these riots.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:42 AM | Show all posts
Great Uprising

In April 1936, the Arab leadership in the British Mandate of Palestine, led by Hajj Amin al-Husayni, declared a general strike to protest against, and put an end to Jewish immigration to Palestine. The revolt was driven primarily by Arab hostility to Britain's permission of restricted Jewish immigration and land purchases which Palestinian Arabs believed was leading them to becoming a minority in the territory and future nation-state. They demanded immediate elections which, based on their demographic majority, would have resulted in a democratic Arab government.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Uprising

White Paper of 1939

The White Paper of 1939, also known as the MacDonald White Paper after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary who presided over it, was a policy paper issued by the British government under Neville Chamberlain in which the idea of partitioning the British Mandate of Palestine was abandoned in favour of an independent Palestine governed jointly by Arabs and Jews.

The White Paper of 1939 was published on May 17 1939, and its main points were:

Section I. The Constitution: It stated that with over 450,000 Jews having now settled in the mandate, the Balfour Declaration about "a national home for the Jewish people" had been met and called for an independent Palestine established within 10 years, governed jointly by Arabs and Jews:

"His Majesty's Government believe that the framers of the Mandate in which the Balfour Declaration was embodied could not have intended that Palestine should be converted into a Jewish State against the will of the Arab population of the country. [...] His Majesty's Government therefore now declare unequivocally that it is not part of their policy that Palestine should become a Jewish State. They would indeed regard it as contrary to their obligations to the Arabs under the Mandate, as well as to the assurances which have been given to the Arab people in the past, that the Arab population of Palestine should be made the subjects of a Jewish State against their will."

"The objective of His Majesty's Government is the establishment within 10 years of an independent Palestine State in such treaty relations with the United Kingdom as will provide satisfactorily for the commercial and strategic requirements of both countries in the future. [..] The independent State should be one in which Arabs and Jews share government in such a way as to ensure that the essential interests of each community are safeguarded."

Section II. Immigration: Jewish immigration to Palestine under the British Mandate was to be limited to 75,000 for the first five years, and would later be contingent on Arab consent:

"His Majesty's Government do not [..] find anything in the Mandate or in subsequent Statements of Policy to support the view that the establishment of a Jewish National Home in Palestine cannot be effected unless immigration is allowed to continue indefinitely. If immigration has an adverse effect on the economic position in the country, it should clearly be restricted; and equally, if it has a seriously damaging effect on the political position in the country, that is a factor that should not be ignored. Although it is not difficult to contend that the large number of Jewish immigrants who have been admitted so far have been absorbed economically, the fear of the Arabs that this influx will continue indefinitely until the Jewish population is in a position to dominate them has produced consequences which are extremely grave for Jews and Arabs alike and for the peace and prosperity of Palestine. The lamentable disturbances of the past three years are only the latest and most sustained manifestation of this intense Arab apprehension [...] it cannot be denied that fear of indefinite Jewish immigration is widespread amongst the Arab population and that this fear has made possible disturbances which have given a serious setback to economic progress, depleted the Palestine exchequer, rendered life and property insecure, and produced a bitterness between the Arab and Jewish populations which is deplorable between citizens of the same country. If in these circumstances immigration is continued up to the economic absorptive capacity of the country, regardless of all other considerations, a fatal enmity between the two peoples will be perpetuated, and the situation in Palestine may become a permanent source of friction amongst all peoples in the Near and Middle East."

"Jewish immigration during the next five years will be at a rate which, if economic absorptive capacity permits, will bring the Jewish population up to approximately one third of the total population of the country. Taking into account the expected natural increase of the Arab and Jewish populations, and the number of illegal Jewish immigrants now in the country, this would allow of the admission, as from the beginning of April this year, of some 75,000 immigrants over the next five years. These immigrants would, subject to the criterion of economic absorptive capacity, be admitted as follows: For each of the next five years a quota of 10,000 Jewish immigrants will be allowed on the understanding that a shortage one year may be added to the quotas for subsequent years, within the five year period, if economic absorptive capacity permits. In addition, as a contribution towards the solution of the Jewish refugee problem, 25,000 refugees will be admitted as soon as the High Commissioner is satisfied that adequate provision for their maintenance is ensured, special consideration being given to refugee children and dependents. The existing machinery for ascertaining economic absorptive capacity will be retained, and the High Commissioner will have the ultimate responsibility for deciding the limits of economic capacity. Before each periodic decision is taken, Jewish and Arab representatives will be consulted. After the period of five years, no further Jewish immigration will be permitted unless the Arabs of Palestine are prepared to acquiesce in it."

Section III. Land: Previously no restriction had been imposed on the transfer of land from Arabs to Jews, while now the White Paper stated:

"The Reports of several expert Commissions have indicated that, owing to the natural growth of the Arab population and the steady sale in recent years of Arab land to Jews, there is now in certain areas no room for further transfers of Arab land, whilst in some other areas such transfers of land must be restricted if Arab cultivators are to maintain their existing standard of life and a considerable landless Arab population is not soon to be created. In these circumstances, the High Commissioner will be given general powers to prohibit and regulate transfers of land."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939

[ Last edited by  fleurzsa at 26-8-2006 10:23 AM ]
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:43 AM | Show all posts
1947 UN Partition Plan

On 29 November 1947 the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, a plan to resolve the Arab-Jewish conflict in the British Mandate of Palestine, was approved by the United Nations General Assembly, at the UN World Headquarters in New York. The plan partitioned the territory of Western Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, with the Greater Jerusalem area, encompassing Bethlehem, coming under international control. The failure of the British government and the United Nations to implement this plan and its rejection by first the Palestinian Arabs and then Israel resulted in various wars, starting with the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_UN_Partition_Plan

1947 Jerusalem riots

The 1947 Jerusalem Riots occurred following the 1947 UN Partition Plan. The Arab Higher Committee declared a three-day strike and public protest to begin on December 2, 1947, in protest of the vote. Arabs marching to Zion Square on December 2 were stopped by the British, and the Arabs instead turned towards the commercial center of the City, burning many buildings and shops. Violence continued for two more days, with Arab mobs attacking a number of Jewish neighborhoods.

A consequence of the violence was the decision by the Haganah Jewish paramilitary organization to use force to "stop future attacks on Jews

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Jerusalem_riots

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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:44 AM | Show all posts
Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel

The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (Hebrew: הכרזת העצמאות), May 14, 1948, was the official announcement that a new Jewish state, named the State of Israel (Medinat Yisrael in Hebrew), had been formally established in the British Mandate of Palestine, the land where the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah had once been.

It has been called the start of the "Third Jewish Commonwealth" by some observers. The "First Jewish Commonwealth" ended with the destruction of Solomon's Temple, and the second with the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem two thousand years ago.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dec ... the_State_of_Israel

1948 Arab-Israeli War

The 1948 Arab-Israeli War, referred to as the "War of Independence" (Hebrew: מלחמת העצמאות) or as the "War of Liberation" (Hebrew: מלחמת השחרור) by Israelis, is the first in a series of armed conflicts fought between the State of Israel and its Arab neighbors in the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict. For Palestinians, the war marked the beginning of the events referred to as "The Catastrophe" ("al Nakba," Arabic: النكبة). After the United Nations partitioned the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine into two states, Jewish and Arab, the Arabs refused to accept it and the armies of Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon and Iraq, supported by others, attacked the newly established State of Israel which they refused to recognize. As a result, the region was divided between Israel, Egypt and Transjordan.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War

[ Last edited by  fleurzsa at 26-8-2006 10:28 AM ]
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:45 AM | Show all posts
1949 Armistice Agreements

The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.

The agreements ended the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and established the armistice lines between Israel and the West Bank, also known as the Green Line, until the 1967 Six-Day War.

With Egypt

The agreement with Egypt was signed on February 24. The main points were:

The armistice line was drawn along the international border (dating back to 1906) for the most part, except near the Mediterranean Sea, where Egypt remained in control of a strip of land along the coast, which became known as the Gaza Strip.
The Egyptian forces besieged in the Faluja Pocket were allowed to return to Egypt with their weapons, and the area was handed over to Israel.

A zone on both sides of the border around 'Uja al-Hafeer (Nitzana) was to be demilitarized, and became the seat of the bilateral armistice committee.

With Lebanon

The agreement with Lebanon was signed on March 23. The main points were:

The armistice line ("The Blue Line") was drawn along the international border.
Unlike the other agreements, there was no clause disclaiming this line as an international border, which was thereafter treated as it had been previously, as a de jure international border.

Israel withdrew its forces from 13 villages in Lebanese territory, which were occupied during the war.

With Jordan

The agreement with Jordan was signed on April 3. The main points:

Jordanian forces remained in most positions held by them in the West Bank, particularly East Jerusalem which included the Old City.

Jordan withdrew its forces from their front posts overlooking the Plain of Sharon. In return, Israel agreed to allow Jordanian forces to take over positions in the West Bank previously held by Iraqi forces.

Exchange of territory: According to Article 6 Israel will receive a territory in the area known as "wadi Ara" in exchange for territory in the southern hills of Hebron. [1]

A Special Committee was to be formed to make arrangements for safe movement of traffic between Jerusalem and Mount Scopus campus of Hebrew University, along the Latrun-Jerusalem Highway, free access to the Holy Places, and other matters.

With Syria
The agreement with Syria was signed on July 20. Syria withdrew its forces from most of the territories it controlled west of the international border, which became demilitarized zones.

Others
Iraq, whose forces took an active part in the war (although it has no common border with Israel), withdrew its forces from the region in March 1949. The front occupied by Iraqi forces was covered by the armistice agreement between Israel and Jordan and there was no separate agreement with Iraq.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements

Qibya massacre

The Qibya (also spelt Kibya, Qibieh or Qibye) Massacre (also known as Qibya Raid, Qibya Operation or Operation Shoshana[1]) was carried out in October 1953 by Israeli troops in a West Bank village.

The operation at Qibya was carried out by two Israeli units: a paratroop company and Unit 101, a special forces unit of the IDF that conducted retaliatory raids against Arab marauders. Unit 101 was founded by and commanded by Ariel Sharon. The Qibya raid led to the deaths of over 60 Palestinian Arabs and the demolition of most houses in Qibya, a village in the western West Bank, which was then under Jordanian control. Many Qibya residents evacuated, but some stayed, hiding in their homes. On October 18, 1953, the U.S. State Department issued a bulletin denouncing the Qibya raid, demanding that those responsible be "brought to account."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibya_massacre

[ Last edited by  fleurzsa at 26-8-2006 10:32 AM ]
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:46 AM | Show all posts
Suez Crisis

The Suez Crisis [1] was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956. The conflict pitted Egypt against an alliance between the United Kingdom, France and Israel. The United States also played a crucial role, albeit not a military one.

This alliance against Egypt largely took place as a result of the Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser's action of nationalizing the Suez Canal Company, which operated the Suez Canal, an important asset to French and British economies, particularly as a chokepoint in world oil shipments. British policy makers initially feared an Israeli attack on Egypt, and sought cooperation with the United States throughout 1956 to deal with Egyptian-Israeli tensions.

The alliance between the two European nations and Israel was largely one of convenience; the European nations had economic and trading interests in the Suez Canal, while Israel wanted to reopen the canal for Israeli shipping and end Egyptian-supported guerrilla incursions.

When the USSR threatened to intervene on behalf of Egypt, Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B. Pearson feared a larger war and came up with a clever plan to separate the opposing forces by placing United Nations forces between them to act as a buffer zone or 'human shield' (he later won a Nobel Peace Prize for his role in ending the conflict).

The Crisis resulted in the resignation of the British Conservative Prime Minister, Sir Anthony Eden, and marked the completion of the shift in the global balance of power from traditional European powers to the United States and the Soviet Union and was a milestone in the decline of the British Empire.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis

Palestinian National Covenant

The Palestinian National Covenant or Palestinian National Charter (Arabic: الميثاق الوطني الفلسطيني; transliterated: al-Mithaq al-Watani al-Filastini) is the charter or constitution of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Following a 1963 Draft Constitution [1] the first version of the Charter[2] was written by Ahmad Shukeiri, the first chairman of the PLO, using the slightly different name al-Mithaq al-Kawmee al-Filastini, meant to reflect its origins in Nasser's Pan-Arabism.[3]. The first official English translation rendered al-Mithaq as "covenant", while later versions have tended to use "charter." (The word changed in 1968 in the Arabic name is translated as "national" in either English translation.)

It was adopted on May 28, 1964 when the PLO was established in Jerusalem along with another document, variously known as the Basic Constitution, Basic Law or Fundamental Law of the PLO, based on the earlier Draft Constitution. The Charter is concerned mainly with the aims of the Palestine Liberation Organization, while the Fundamental Law is more concerned with the structure and procedures of the organization.

The Charter was extensively amended, with seven new articles, in 1968 in the wake of the Six Day War and given its current name. [4] Compared to its predecessor, it focused more on the independent national identity and vanguard role of the Palestinian people, led by the PLO, in their "liberation of their homeland" by armed struggle. Article 7 of the earlier document was changed from "Jews of Palestinian origin are considered Palestinians ..." to being restricted only to those "who had resided in Palestine until the beginning of the Zionist invasion." The final article providing that it can only be amended by a vote of a ⅔ majority of the Palestinian National Council (PNC) at a special session convened for that purpose was left unchanged.

The Fundamental Law was also amended, making it more democratic, electing the entire Executive Committee by the PNC, instead of just the Chairman, separating the post of the Speaker of the PNC from the Chairman of the Executive Committee and affirmed the authority of the Executive Committee over the army. Later, (Hirst, 2003) p.427 a promised Charter amendment based on Fatah doctrine "that all Jews [without date restriction]...were to be entitled to Palestinian citizenship" failed due to doctrinal quarrels over the meaning of the precise nature of the proposed Democratic State.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Covenant

[ Last edited by  fleurzsa at 26-8-2006 10:33 AM ]
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:47 AM | Show all posts
Six-Day War

The Six-Day War (Hebrew: מלחמת ששת הימים transliteration: Milkhemet Sheshet HaYamim, Arabic: حرب الأيام الستة transliteration: ħarb al-ayam as-sita), also known as the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Six Days' War, or June War, was fought between Israel and the Arab states of Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and Syria. When Egypt sent UN officials away from the Egyptian-Israeli border and increased its military activity near the border, and blocked access of the Strait of Tiran to Israeli ships, Israel launched a pre-emptive attack on Egypt's airforce fearing an imminent attack by Egypt. [1] [2][3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Jordan in turn attacked the Israeli cities of Jerusalem and Netanya. [8] [9] At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights. The results of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War

Khartoum Resolution

The Khartoum Resolution of September 1, 1967 was issued at the conclusion of a meeting between the leaders of eight Arab countries in the wake of the Six-Day War. The resolution, which formed a basis of the policies of these governments toward Israel until the Yom Kippur War of 1973 called for:

Continued struggle against Israel to ensure the withdrawal of the aggressive Israeli forces from the Arab lands which have been occupied since the aggression of June 5 (see Text of resolution below).

Ending the Arab oil boycott declared during the Six-Day War
An end to the war in Yemen
Economic assistance for Egypt and Jordan

The resolution contains in paragraph 3 what became known as "the three nos" of Arab-Israel relations at that time.

No peace with Israel
No recognition of Israel
No negotiations with Israel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution

United Nations Security Council Resolution 242

United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242) was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War. It was adopted under Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter [1]. The resolution was framed by Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg and British ambassador Lord Caradon.

It calls for the "withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict" (see semantic dispute) and the "[t]ermination of all claims or states of belligerency".

It also calls for the recognition of all established states by belligerent parties (Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan) of each other and calls for the establishment of secure and recognized boundaries for all parties.

It is one of the most commonly referenced UN resolutions in Middle Eastern politics. It was reaffirmed and made binding by UN Security Council Resolution 338, adopted after the 1973 Yom Kippur War.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni ... ncil_Resolution_242

[ Last edited by  fleurzsa at 26-8-2006 10:39 AM ]
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:47 AM | Show all posts

War of Attrition

The War of Attrition (Hebrew: מלחמת ההתשה) was a limited war fought between Egypt and Israel from 1968 to 1970. It was initiated by Egypt as a way to recapture the Sinai from Israel, which had controlled it since the Six-Day War. The war ended with a ceasefire signed between the countries in 1970 with frontiers at the same place as when the war started.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Attrition
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:48 AM | Show all posts

Munich massacre

The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September, a group with ties to Yasser Arafat's Fatah organization.[1] The terrorists murdered 11 Israeli athletes and one German police officer. Five of the eight hostage-takers were killed by police during an abortive rescue attempt. The three surviving captured hostage-takers were later released by Germany, following the hijacking of a Lufthansa airliner. The massacre was followed by a series of Israeli revenge assassinations of the principal planners.

Simon Reeve writes that the attack was one of the most significant terrorist incidents of recent times, one that "thrust the Palestinian cause into the world spotlight, set the tone for decades of conflict in the Middle East, and launched a new era of international terrorism".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Olympics_massacre
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:49 AM | Show all posts
Operation Wrath of God

Operation Wrath of God,[1] also called Operation Bayonet,[2] was a covert operation directed by Israel and the Mossad to assassinate the terrorists who directly or indirectly perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre. Authorized to begin by Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir in the fall of 1972, it may have continued for more than 20 years.[3] Because of the secretive nature of the operation, some details are unverifiable beyond a single source. This operation was also represented in films: HBO's Sword of Gideon, and Steven Spielberg's Munich.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wrath_of_God

[ Last edited by  fleurzsa at 26-8-2006 10:45 AM ]
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 Author| Post time 26-8-2006 09:50 AM | Show all posts
Operation Spring of Youth

Operation Spring of Youth took place on the night of April 9 and early morning of April 10, 1973. Israeli Defence Force special forces units attacked several PLO targets in Beirut and Sidon, Lebanon as part of the larger Operation Wrath of God, which aimed at avenging the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre. The operation had a shocking effect on the PLO.

During the operation, three of the PLO leaders, surprised at home, were killed, along with other PLO personnel (reports of actual number killed vary from a dozen to 100). Several Lebanese security people and civilian neighbors were also killed. Two of the attackers were killed by the defending forces.

The Israeli forces arrived at the Lebanese beaches in Zodiac boats launched from missile ships offshore. Mossad agents awaited the forces on the beaches with cars rented the previous day, and then drove them to their targets and later back to the beaches for extraction.

The operation was depicted in the 2005 Steven Spielberg film Munich, although the depiction has been criticised for inaccuracy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spring_of_Youth

United Nations Security Council Resolution 338

The three-line United Nations Security Council Resolution 338 (S/RES/338), approved on October 22, 1973, called for a cease fire in the Yom Kipur War in accordance with a joint proposal by the United States and the Soviet Union. The resolution stipulated a cease fire to take effect within 12 hours, no later than 6:52PM of that day.

The resolution states in full (emphasis in original),

The Security Council

1. Calls upon all parties to the present fighting to cease all firing and terminate all military activity immediately, no later than 12 hours after the moment of the adoption of this decision, in the positions they now occupy;
2. Calls upon the parties concerned to start immediately after the cease-fire the implementation of Security Council Resolution 242 (1967) in all of its parts;
3. Decides that, immediately and concurrently with the cease-fire, negotiations shall start between the parties concerned under appropriate auspices aimed at establishing a just and durable peace in the Middle East.[4]

The "appropriate auspices" was interpreted to mean American or Soviet rather than UN auspices. This third article helped to establish the framework for the Geneva Conference (1973) held in December of 1973.

The importance of resolution 338 in the Arab-Israeli conflict stems from the word "decides" in article 3 (also appearing in its immediate sequels SC 339-341). Article 25 of the United Nations Charter says that UN members "agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council". It is generally accepted that Security Council resolutions adopted in the excercise of its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace in accordance with the UN Charter are binding upon the member states.[1][2] Scholars applying this doctrine on the resolution assert that the use of the word "decide" makes it a "decision" of the Council, thus invoking the binding nature of article 25.[3] The legal force added to Resolution 242 by this resolution is the reason for the otherwise puzzling fact that SC 242 and the otherwise seemingly superfluous and superannuated Resolution 338 are always referred to together in legal documents relating to the conflict.

Some scholars have advanced the position that the resolution was passed as a non-binding Chapter VI recommendation.[4][5] Other commentators assert that it probably was passed as a binding Chapter VII resolution.[6] The resolution contains reference to neither Chapter VI nor Chapter VII.

The resolution was passed at the 1747th UNSC meeting by 14 to none, with one member, the People's Republic of China, not participating in the vote. The continued fighting despite the terms called for by the resolution, brought Resolution 339 which resulted in a cease fire.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni ... ncil_Resolution_338

United Nations Security Council Resolution 339

United Nations Security Council Resolution 339 (S/RES/339) was adopted in order to bring a cease fire in the Yom Kipur War where Resolution 338 two days before had failed. After Egyptian forces broke the terms of the cease fire, Israeli forces took advantage of this to make substantial military gains.

The resolution primarily reaffirmed the terms outlined in Resolution 338 (itself based on Resolution 242), returning the forces of both sides back to the position they held when the cease fire (338) came into effect, and a request from the United Nations Secretary-General to undertake measures toward the placement of observers to supervise the cease fire.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni ... ncil_Resolution_339

[ Last edited by  fleurzsa at 26-8-2006 10:46 AM ]
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Yom Kippur War

The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (Hebrew: מלחמת יום הכיפורים; transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום כיפור, Milkhemet Yom Kipur; Arabic: حرب أكتوبر‎; transliterated: ħarb October or حرب تشرين, ħarb Tishrin), also known as the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, was fought from October 6 to October 26, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab nations led by Egypt and Syria. The war began on the day of Yom Kippur with a surprise joint attack by Egypt and Syria crossing the cease-fire lines in the Sinai and Golan Heights, respectively, which had been captured by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War.[2]

The Egyptians and Syrians advanced during the first 24
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Lebanese Civil War

The Lebanese Civil War (1975
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Operation Entebbe

Operation Entebbe, also known as the Entebbe incident, was a rescue mission performed by Israel's elite Sayeret Matkal to free hostages at the Entebbe Airport in Uganda. It took place on the night of July 3 and early morning of July 4, 1976. It was called Operation Thunderbolt (or Operation Thunderball) by the Israeli military operatives who planned it and carried it out, and it was retroactively renamed Operation Yonatan after the raid commander, Col. Yonatan "Yoni" Netanyahu, the only Israeli soldier to die in the raid.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Entebbe
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Operation Litani

Operation Litani was the official name of the Israel Defense Forces 1978 invasion of Lebanon up to the Litani River. It was a military success, as PLO forces were pushed north of the river. However, objections from the Lebanese government led to the creation of the UNIFIL peacekeeping force and a partial Israeli withdrawal.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Litani

United Nations Security Council Resolution 425

On March 19, 1978, five days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 called on Israel to withdraw immediatly its forces from Lebanon and established the United Nations Interim Forces In Lebanon (UNIFIL).

U.N. Security Council Resolution 425 was issued five days after the Israeli invasion to Lebanon on March 14, 1978 in what was referred to as Operation Litani. This invasion was triggered by the March 11, 1978 massacre of 37 Israeli civilians riding in a bus in the Tel Aviv area by members of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) infiltrating from Lebanon -- See Coastal Road massacre. This attack was, however, just the latest and most deadly in a string of attacks launched from Lebanese territory.

The stated objective of the Operation Litani was to clear out the PLO bases located inside Lebanon, south of the Litani River, in order to better secure northern Israel.

Following Lebanese government claims, the United Nations, driven by the United States, began seeking a peacekeeping force for the area that Israel had occupied in order to bring about a withdrawal of the Israeli forces, and to reintroduce the authority of the Lebanese government in southern Lebanon.

These efforts culminated in Resolution 425, during the 2074th meeting of the United Nations Security Council on March 19, 1978. That led to the formation of UNIFIL, the objective of which was to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, restore international peace and security, and help the Lebanese Government restore its effective authority in the area.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni ... ncil_Resolution_425

Camp David Accords

The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David. The two agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. Sadat also said he wanted them to be called the Carter Accords.

Upon assuming office on January 20, 1977, President Carter moved to rejuvenate the Middle Eastern peace process that had stalled throughout the 1976 presidential campaign in the United States. Following the advice of a Brookings Institution report, Carter opted to replace the incremental, bilateral peace talks which had characterized Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy following the 1973 Yom Kippur War with a comprehensive, multilateral approach. This new approach called for the reconvening of the 1973 Geneva Conference, this time with a Palestinian delegation, in hopes of negotiating a final settlement.

Carter also wasted no time in visiting the heads-of-state on whom he would have to rely to make any peace agreement feasible. By the end of his first year in office, he had already met with Anwar Sadat of Egypt, King Hussein of Jordan, Hafez al-Assad of Syria, and Yitzhak Rabin of Israel. Carter's and Vance's exploratory meetings gave him a basic plan for reinvigorating the peace process based on the Geneva Conference and Israeli withdrawal on all fronts, including the West Bank. The political situation in Israel underwent a dramatic upheaval with a devastating electoral loss of the long-ruling Israeli Labour Party to Menachem Begin's Likud Party in May of 1977. While Begin officially favored the reconvention of the conference, perhaps even more vocally than Rabin, and even accepted the Palestinian presence, in actuality Israel and Sadat were secretly formulating a framework for bilateral talks. Even earlier, Begin had not been opposed to returning the Sinai, but a major future obstacle was his firm refusal to consider relinquishing control over the West Bank.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords

[ Last edited by  fleurzsa at 26-8-2006 10:54 AM ]
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 446

United Nations Security Council Resolution 446 concerned the issue of Israeli settlements in the "Arab territories occupied by Israel since 1967, including Jerusalem".[1] This refers to the Palestinian territories of the West Bank including East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights.

In the Resolution, the Security Council determined: "that the policy and practices of Israel in establishing settlements in the Palestinian and other Arab territories occupied since 1967 have no legal validity and constitute a serious obstruction to achieving a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East"

The Resolution was adopted on March 22, 1979 at the 2134th meeting by 12 votes to none, with 3 abstentions (Norway, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni ... ncil_Resolution_446

Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty

The Israel-Egypt peace treaty (Arabic: معاهدة السلام المصرية الإسرائيلية; transliterated: Mu'ahadat as-Salam al-Masriyah al-Isra'yliyah) (Hebrew: הסכם שלום ישראל-מצרים; transliterated: Heskem Shalom Yisrael-Mizraim) was signed in Washington, DC, United States, on March 26, 1979, following the Camp David Accords (1978). The main features of the treaty were the mutual recognition of each country by the other, the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai Peninsula which Israel had captured during the 1967 Six-Day War. The agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal and recognition of the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel-Egypt_Peace_Treaty

United Nations Security Council Resolution 452

United Nations Security Council Resolution 452 was on the issue of the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territories of East Jerusalem, the West Bank, Gaza Strip and the Syrian Golan Heights, specifically the illegality thereof.

Adopted on July 20, 1979 at the 2159th meeting by 14 votes to none, with 1 abstention (United States of America).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni ... ncil_Resolution_452

Iranian Revolution

The Iranian Revolution was the 1979 revolution that transformed Iran from a constitutional monarchy, under Shah (King) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to a populist theocratic Islamic republic under the rule of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The revolution has been divided into two stages: the first stage saw an alliance of liberal, leftist, and religious groups oust the Shah; the second stage, often named the Islamic Revolution, saw the Ayatollah's rise to power. Thereat, the Islamic Cultural Revolution ensued.

The Shah had been in power since 1941, with a brief interruption in 1953; through the 1960s and 1970s he faced continued opposition from a diverse array of Iranians. The Shah enforced a strict dictatorship, imprisoning hundreds of political activists, and enforcing censorship laws. At the same time, however, living conditions for the people improved significantly, and many basic human and democratic rights were established (e.g. extending suffrage to women). Many prominent religious figures and Mullahs felt many of these reforms indicated the Shah's regime was overtly secular, and thus anti-Islamic. Such opponents also characterized the monarch as a "puppet" of the West, especially the United States and Israel. Many of the nation's urban middle classes, by contrast, felt Iran was not modernizing fast enough, and desired a more liberal constitutional democracy with fewer powers resting with the Shah.

In 1978 a series of protests, triggered by a libelous story attacking Khomeini in the official press, created an escalating cycle of violence, until, on December 12, an estimated two million people filled the streets of Azadi Square (Then Shahyad Square) in Tehran to protest against the Shah. On January 16, 1979 the Shah and the empress left Iran on the demands of Prime Minister Dr. Shapour Bakhtiar (a long time opposition leader himself), who sought to calm down the situation. Bakhtiar dissolved SAVAK (Iran's domestic security and intelligence service), promised free elections, called upon the opposition to preserve the constitution, and ordered the army to allow mass demonstrations.[1] He also freed all political prisoners, allowing Khomeini to return to Iran after years of exile. Bakhtiar asked Khomeini to create a Vatican-like state in Qom, but Khomeini rejected the proposition and appointed an interim government on his own. Shortly after, with the military announcing their impartiality in the conflict, the overthrow of the monarchy was completed at the hands of the revolutionaries led by Khomeini.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution

[ Last edited by  fleurzsa at 26-8-2006 10:59 AM ]
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 478

United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared that the 1980 Knesset law (the "Jerusalem Law") declaring Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal and indivisible" capital was "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith". This resolution instructed member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure. Most nations with embassies in Jerusalem complied, and relocated their embassies to Tel Aviv prior to the adoption of Resolution 478. Following the withdrawal of Costa Rica in August 2006, only El Salvador now maintains its embassy in Jerusalem, although Paraguay and Bolivia have theirs in nearby Mevasseret Zion. [1]

The vote, which took place on August 20, 1980, was passed 14-0, with the United States abstaining.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni ... ncil_Resolution_478

Operation Opera

Operation Opera (sometimes referred to as Operation Babylon or Operation Ofra) was an Israeli air strike against the Iraqi Osirak nuclear reactor (French:Osirak; Iraqi:Tammuz 1).

In the late 70s, Iraq purchased an "Osiris class" nuclear reactor from France. Israeli military intelligence assumed this was for the purpose of plutonium production to further an Iraqi nuclear weapons program. Israeli intelligence also believed that the summer of 1981 would be the last chance to destroy the reactor without exposing the Iraqi civilian population to nuclear fallout. After that point, the reactor would be loaded with nuclear fuel.

On June 7, 1981, a squadron of Israeli F-16A fighter aircraft, with an escort of F-15As, bombed and heavily damaged the Osirak reactor.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Opera

United Nations Security Council Resolution 497

United Nations Security Council Resolution 497 (December 17, 1981) calls on Israel to rescind its annexation of the Golan Heights. The most important provision is "the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan Heights is null and void and without international legal effect" (section 1).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni ... ncil_Resolution_497

[ Last edited by  fleurzsa at 26-8-2006 11:02 AM ]
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