TERRA COTTA WARRIOR : CHINA - amazing

fleurzsa

Originally posted by sya_sugar_sugar at 12-1-2007 11:12 PM
Cuba-cuba, Mod...
kalau sudah ada thread delete/merge
TERIMA KASIH....

Dulu2 dah ader tajuk ni.  Dah deleted masa admin buat pembersihan.

Better I digest tajuk ni sebelum kena delete.

sya_sugar_sugar

Originally posted by fleurzsa at 19-1-2007 07:58 AM


Dulu2 dah ader tajuk ni.  Dah deleted masa admin buat pembersihan.

Better I digest tajuk ni sebelum kena delete.

Noted with many thanks.
Patutlah rasa2nya macam terbayang2 penah ada terpandang...
puas cari tapi tak jumpa...

Have a pleasant day ahead, to everyone...anyway...:ting: :ting: :ting:

sephia_liza

From the side, a row of reconstructed warriors sits at the front


First view of the main chamber of the warriors


Detail on some of the warriors. Each one is different


Detail on some of the front warriors


Right down the front line of the warriors


This man was holding reigns


Some of the king's horses, put back together again


Horses and chariot driver


Some of the original colour is still visible


No two are alike


Detail on some of the warriors at the end of the chamber


Example of warriors in their shattered state


Shot in black and white, the Terra Cotta Warriors seem almost real

sephia_liza

Pile of shards. This is the original state. All warriors had to be reconstructed


A horse in shards


Wide shot of the headless headquarters


Detail on the headquarters, another pit where most of the officers were found.

sephia_liza

The Terracotta Warriors represent only a small portion of the eight thousand strong underground army buried in front of the Emperor Qinshihuang's tomb (r. 221-207 BC) to defend him in the afterlife. The craftsmanship attested by each of the statues is as stupendous as the scale of the project. So who was the Emperor Qinshihuang to merit such magnificence? One of the most important rulers in Chinese history, this Emperor leaves a legacy as morally complicated as that of Peter the Great. For, like the Russian Tsar, he is as well-known for his contributions to the modern state as he is for sacrificing the lives of thousands of laborers to his visionary projects. Made King of the state of Qin at the age of thirteen, by the time he was thirty-eight he conquered the six neighboring states to unify China for the first time.
Although reviled for his tyranny, Qinshihuangdi is also admired for many radical and insightful policies which subsequent dynasties employed. To synthesize seven separate states into one nation, he standardized a common script and established uniform measurement and monetary systems. For effective government, he codified a legal system and replaced hereditary rulers with a centrally appointed administrative system. To improve industrial productivity he encouraged agricultural reforms and constructed many roads. And in an effort to limit the inroads of barbarian tribes, he supervised the construction of a defence fortification along the northern frontier, the first Great Wall. Although China benefited from these policies, thousands of Chinese workers died in completing this far-reaching public works program.
700,000 forced laborers were sacrificed to construct his tomb which was begun as soon as he ascended the throne. All workers and childless concubines were interred with him to safeguard its secrets. According to Sima Qian's "The Historical Records" written a century later, heaven and earth are represented in the tomb's central chamber. The ceiling, inlaid with pearls, represents the starry heavens. The floor, made of stone, forms a map of the Chinese kingdom; a hundred rivers of mercury flow across it. And all manner of treasure is protected by deadly booby-traps.
The main tomb has still to be excavated - partly because archaeologists are still uncertain of its exact location. Often Emperors amassed huge burial mounds simply to divert robbers' attention from the true site of their tomb. So the artificial mound that today marks the Emperor's tomb does not necessarily indicate the location of its wondrous central chamber. However, because high mercury levels have recently been reported nearby, archaeologists think they may, at last, have discovered it. The Terracotta Warriors, that you will see today, form just one of the many barriers the ruthless Emperor employed to protect his tomb for eternity.
The limestone and marble Kouroi and Kourai of the Greek Late Archaic Period (535-480 BCE) refute the claim that the Terracotta Warriors were the first free-standing statues in the history of world art. This, though, does little to undermine the ingenuity of the Terracotta Warriors' design and manufacturing process. For whereas the Ancient Greeks meticulously carved individual statues out of stone, the Qin dynasty project held all the problems of production on a mass scale. Tens of thousands of individual human and animal statues were manufactured within a series of processes that began with the molding of solid legs.
It was by constructing each of the hollow statues upon solid legs that the Ancient Chinese craftsemen solved the perplexing problem of how to make a statue free-standing. Hollow heads, arms and legs, made of coiled earth, were joined together with strips of clay and set upon the solid legs. After this rough model was assembled, a fine clay slip was added, and details such as eyes, mouth, nose and details of dress were carved into the clay while it was still pliable. Additional pieces such as ears, beard and armour were modeled separately and attached, after which the whole figure was fired at a high temperature.

sephia_liza

The terra-cotta warriors buried near the tomb of the first Chinese emperor, Qin Shihuangdi, present a fierce challenge梩o modern-day chemists. Since the site's discovery near Xi'an, China, in 1974, archaeologists have unearthed more than 1,500 of the life-size figures. But once the warriors see the light of day after more than 2,200 years of burial, their paint disappears, sometimes within minutes of exposure.

With an estimated 8,000 more figures still buried, scientists have been looking for ways to lock the paint in place. Now, a group of chemists in Germany has a technique that just might work.



COLORFUL CHARACTERS. Although the terra-cotta warriors excavated so far have lost their original color coats, a novel restoration technique could preserve the paint layer (below) on the thousands of warriors that remain in the ground.

The warriors were originally coated with polychrome梐 material consisting of a lacquer base topped by a layer of pigment, explains Heinz Langhals at the University of Munich. Because water-saturated soil at the site has altered the lacquer, he says, the coating cracks and peels off once the warriors are removed from their soil encasements. Researchers have tried different polymer-based materials to strengthen the polychrome and secure it to the terra-cotta surface, but the polymer molecules have been too big to penetrate the coating.



Langhals and his colleagues decided to use hydroxyethyl methacrylate梐n organic monomer used to make many plastics. The researchers saturated cotton compresses with the monomer and a polymerization agent and applied the preparation to terracotta fragments from a broken warrior. The water-soluble monomer diffused through the lacquer coat, partially replacing the water in the coat's tiny pores. Then, using an electron accelerator, the researchers irradiated the fragments with electron beams. The electrons activated the polymerization agent, which stitched the monomers together into polymers, consolidating the polychrome. The researchers describe the restoration technique in the Dec. 1 Angewandte Chemie. "It's a great idea," says Pamela Vandiver, acting director of the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education in Suitland, Md. So far, the researchers have tested their technique on small fragments and shown that the polychrome remains stable for several years. Working with the Bingmayong Museum in China, Langhals hopes to use his method to preserve an entire warrior, starting in early 2004. Since many of the warriors are in pieces, he and his colleagues will have to treat fragments individually before reassembling them. Several potentially enormous sites at the tomb complex were discovered in December 2002. As archaeologists gear up to unearth more buried treasures from these, Langhals hopes to use his technique to preserve those new finds as well.

sephia_liza

A German art student briefly fooled police by posing as one of China's terracotta warriors at the heritage site in the ancient capital, Xian. Pablo Wendel, made up like an ancient warrior, jumped into a pit showcasing the 2,200-year-old pottery soldiers and stood motionless for several minutes.


The terracotta soldiers were created for an imperial Chinese tomb 2,200 years ago

The 26-year-old was eventually spotted by police and removed from the scene. Unearthed in 1974, the statues are said to be one of the 20th Century's greatest archaeological finds. The ancient clay soldiers were created to protect the nearby tomb of the legendary Emperor Qinshihuang who united China over 2,200 years ago. ]


Mr Wendel is reported to have entered the museum on Saturday where he changed into his outfit, jumped over a barrier and took up a position on a pedestal he had taken along. "I got to the area where he was supposed to be, looked around and didn't see him - he looked too much like a terracotta warrior," Hong Kong newspapers quoted a security guard as saying. As Mr Wendel's "performance art" did not harm any of the ancient relics, he was not arrested or charged but given "serious criticism", the reports said. Mr Wendel had his costume confiscated and was sent back to the eastern Chinese city of Hangzhou, where he is studying.

HangPC2

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eiyoei

nice info Sya... baby sihat.. :cak:

sya_sugar_sugar

ff:

hay.... kawan lama... meh join...lama tak timbul..?