Sejarah & Konflik Kearah Kewujudan Negara Israel.(photos +++)

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Palestinian riots late 20s - 30s.  Part of a pogrom in Hebron and the Arab riots in Jerusem

  Here in the neighboring community of a few days ago posted about the Nakba.  Are entitled.  So, too, I'll post a couple of posts on a similar theme.  In order not to annoy those who are not interested in all this, I will spread once a week.
  Palestinian riots in 1929, Events of 1929, Rise of the Western Wall, Buraq Revolt (Hebrew מאורעות תרפ"ט Arabic. ثورة البراق) - a series of riots and demonstrations in late August 1929 in Palestine, the resulting conflict over access to the Wall mourning in Jerusalem, and led to violent clashes between Arab and Jewish populations.
  A crowd of men were killed near the lambs.  The Muslim holiday.  1928


  From 1882 to the beginning of the Zionist movement, increased Jewish immigration to Palestine, calling his move to Palestine, "Aliyah."  As a result, by the end of 1939 the proportion of Jews in the population of Palestine increased from four to thirty percent.  The scale Jewish immigration increased in the late 20s and early 30s in connection with the strengthening of the positions of the Nazis in Germany: more than a quarter of the Jews who came to Palestine at the time, came from Germany.
  Jews from across Europe through the port of Jaffa, arriving in Palestine.  1929

  In 1920 - 30-e years increased buying large tracts of land by Jews from the rich Arab landowners who lived, as a rule, outside of Palestine.  Since, in accordance with the principle of "Jewish labor" (Hebrew עבודה עברית - Hebrew, avodah), the Jews sought to cultivate the land themselves, but a growing number of Jewish immigrants was necessary to provide jobs, many Arabs would inevitably have lost employment, among them was high unemployment.
  British Brass Band Concert in the Garden of the Citadel of Jerusalem.  Jews and Arabs stand side by side in 1929

  After the establishment of the British Mandate in Palestine increased dramatically the number of Jewish inhabitants of the country and the number of worshipers at the Western Wall (Wailing Wall) in Jerusalem.  In September 1928 during the Yom Kippur at the Western Wall Jews have established chairs for the convenience of worshipers, and the fence between male and female section.  Arab leaders have said that this is a violation existed since the days of the Ottoman authorities of the status quo, which forbade any Jewish construction in the area.
  Orthodox Jews pray at the Wailing Wall in Ierusalime.1929

  The British mandatory authorities demanded the removal of controversial prayer fences and chairs.  Then, the wall had been sent police and walls were destroyed.
  Following this incident, the Mufti of Jerusalem Amin al-Husseini began to disseminate information among the Arabs of Palestine and the Arab world, in which he argued that Jews were going to seize Al-Aqsa Mosque.
  His Eminence the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem.  Haj Amin el-Husseini Effendi

  After this, Jewish worshipers at the Western Wall were subjected to beatings and stoning.
  The Wailing Wall abandoned and fenced during the riots in 1929

  August 15, 1929, during the Jewish fasting Tesha B'Av, (established in memory of the destruction of the First and Second Temples of Jerusalem), several hundred members of Zionist youth movement Betar, organized a march to the Western Wall.  Gathered at the Wall chanting "The Wall is ours!" They raised a Jewish national flag and sang Hatikva, the national anthem.  Authorities were notified of the march in advance, and escorted by police to prevent any incidents.
  Praying at the Wailing Wall.  1929

  A day later, on Friday, August 16, the Arab leaders of the Supreme Muslim Council organized a counter-demonstration in the Al-Aqsa Mosque.  After preaching about the threat of Islamic holy sites and Arab demonstrators went to the Wailing Wall and there began to beat the Jews, burn the Torah scrolls and prayer books.  The same evening in the city, was killed a Jewish teenager.
  In the days that followed riots spread to other cities.
  British troops patrol the roads.  Open truck with soldiers

  Next Friday, August 23, thousands of Arabs from neighboring villages flocked to Jerusalem to pray on the Temple Mount.  Among the Muslims of Jerusalem a rumor that in the Jewish quarter of Mea Shearim have been killed two Arabs.  After the sermon, delivered the mufti of Jerusalem, the future an ally of Hitler Amin al-Husseini, armed with knives and sticks out from the crowd of Arab Damascus Gate of the Old City and Jewish communities rushed to the quarters.
  19 Jews were killed, many synagogues ransacked.
  Jewish families fleeing from the possessions of the Old City through the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem

  The British administration was not prepared for such events and at first almost no resistance to disturbances.  This was due to the fact that the largest portion of the 15,000 police officers in Mandate Palestine were Arabs.  According to other reports police forces in Palestine at that time were only 292 people, and the forces of the army not more than 100 people.
  HMS Barham arrived in Haifa.  August 1929

  British Marines from the train station in Haifa

  In the first day of the riots the British transferred 50 soldiers by air from Egypt, and the next day 600 soldiers came from the same train.
  The crosses on Christian homes.  Marked, not to be confused with the Jewish Christians of Jerusalem

  At the request of the authorities, leaders of the Palestinian Arabs, including the Mufti al-Husseini and Nashashibi mayor of Jerusalem, issued a proclamation RARIB urging people to "avoid bloodshed" and armed with "compassion, wisdom and patience."  The appeal says that the leadership, "making every effort that would ... realize your national aspirations through peaceful means"

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British troops at the Damascus Gate.  A gate valve is opened, the other is blocked by guards

  Pogrom in Hebron took place August 24, 1929 during the Arab riots of 1929 in Mandate Palestine.  As a result of the pogrom, 67 Jews living in Hebron, were killed and others driven out or fled from the city.
  The Jewish community in Hebron existed since biblical times.  By the early twentieth century, Hebron, to a large extent lost its importance for regional center, and the Jewish community, although it has not disappeared entirely, reduced to about seven hundred people.  She recovered after World War I, in the early years of the British Mandate in Palestine, but Jews still constitute only a small part of the city population (in 1922 - 430 people in the general population of 16 000 to 1929 - 700 people with a total population of 18,000 .)  The community, consisting mainly of Sephardic Jews, relatively peacefully coexisted with Muslim neighbors.  Relations between Arabs and Ashkenazi yeshiva students' Slobodka ", founded in 1925, there were more tense, and the Arabs regarded them as" Zionists "
  August 15, 1929, the day of the Jewish fast Tisha B'Av to commemorate the anniversary of the destruction of the Jewish temples, youth groups, movements, "Beitar" held a demonstration in defense of the rights of Jews to pray at the Wailing Wall.  During the Muslim demonstration on the day the participants, organized by the Supreme Muslim Council, passed on a narrow street along the Western Wall and destroyed Jewish prayer accessories, found next to her.  The next day the Arabs had been killed a Jewish teenager.  In Jerusalem, the rumors: the Jewish community of the impending massacre, and in the Muslim of the impending desecration of the Temple Mount by Jews.  The Arab press, leading pogrom agitation for a long time, these days it has increased markedly.
  Arab rioters in Hebron.  1929

  The funeral of a Jewish boy turned into yet another demonstration, and on Friday August 23 among the Muslims of Jerusalem a rumor that in the Jewish quarter of Mea Shearim killed two Arabs (Arab historian George Antonius leading names: Hanna Karkar and Khalil al-Daoudi).  On the streets of Jerusalem came a crowd of Arabs, many of whom were armed.  By the preachers calling for restraint, no one wanted to listen, and the crowd moved to the Jewish quarter.  At the cost of lives of 13 Jews attack was repulsed, but similar attacks also started in other cities: Jaffa, Safed and Haifa.
  Scenes of devastation in the Jewish quarter of Hebron after the Arab riots of 1929.

  Already on 20 August, after the first Muslim speeches in Jerusalem, representatives of the "Haganah" appealed to the leadership of the Jewish community in Hebron with a proposal to evacuate the Hebron Jews, or to provide them with protection.  However, community leaders, who believed in good relations with the Arab nobility and its ability to protect its own, abandoned by this assistance.
  Later in the afternoon on August 23 Kafferata Raymond, who commanded the few police forces in Hebron, consisted almost entirely of Arabs learned of the pogrom in Jerusalem tried to prevent similar events in Hebron.  He put the police pickets and turned to the Arab crowd gathered at the bus station, in an attempt to defuse the situation.  At the same time appealed to him for help the city's main Rabbi Yaakov Slonim, who pelted stones on the street.  Kafferata ordered him and other Jews did not leave the house.  That same evening, Slonim's son, a banker and member of the City Council Eliezer Dan Slonim, Dweck suggested that all Jews who wish to hide in his house, and many residents of Ashkenazi accepted the invitation.
  Synagogue in Hebron desecrated by Arab rioters.  Furniture was broken, the floor littered with holy books torn

  Later in the afternoon the crowd attacked the building of the Yeshiva "Slobodka", the attack was killed by a student Shmuel Rosengoltz.  A few hours later the Arab delegation of elders Kafferate reported that the Mufti of Jerusalem Amin al-Husseini requires them to action against the Jews.  Kafferata asked them to follow the order in their villages.
  Jewish home ransacked by Arab rioters in Hebron.  Bloodied floor littered with books

  At eight o'clock in the morning on Saturday, a crowd armed with sticks, knives, pitchforks and axes (base, which, according to an eyewitness, were thugs who came from Jerusalem), went to the streets of Hebron.
  Jewish home ransacked by Arab rioters in Hebron.  The entire floor defeated.

  Two Jewish youths were killed almost immediately.  Trying to police, armed with batons to stop the pogrom was unsuccessful, and the crowd moved to the Jewish quarter.  The rebels offered a deal Slonim: the life of Sephardic Jews will be saved if Ashkenazi will be given to the massacre of Arabs.  Rabbi rejected the proposal and was killed on the spot.  He was one of 67 Jews killed during the pogrom.  Another 53 Hebron Jews were injured.
  Rabbi Slonim, killed by thugs and members of his family

  Jews also took refuge in the building of the British police, which conducted a three-day siege.  Two hours after the beginning of the pogrom, the crowd was dispersed by the police, already armed with firearms, but the Jews were not allowed to leave the police building, "not to arouse passion"
  The boy from the Jewish community of Hebron, rescued by British police

  During the rebellion in August 1929 killed 135 Jews, and about three hundred were wounded, dozens of Arabs were killed by British troops and police in suppressing the rebellion, including in Hebron.  After the riot the British authorities decided to evacuate the Jewish population of Hebron and Gaza.  A certain number of Jews later returned to Hebron, but were evacuated again, when the Arab Revolt 1936-1939 period.
  The evacuation of the Jewish population of Hebron.  1929

  Victims of Hebron pogromschikov.1929













  Elhanan Zelig Roch yeshiva student, lost his arm during the Hebron massacre

  Students from Hebron yeshiva.  All but one were killed during the pogrom.

  The pogrom in Safed was a continuation of the Arab riots that began in Jerusalem on August 16.  Resident David Cohen of Safed during the pogrom was outside the city and was able to return there only two days later.  He believes that first arrived in the city from the outside after the pogrom.  Cohen says the official statement by the British, stating that the "riots" began August 29 at 6:15 am and that after the arrival of the army units at 8:35 am was immediately restored order.  The report said several of the victims, and many houses set on fire, but argued that the Jewish residents were evacuated to a safe place and that came in mind.  Meanwhile, the country continued to circulate rumors that the pogrom in Safed continues, but the British administration was silent.  Two days later, Hacohen managed to get into the city, where he became acquainted with the horrible details.
  Hacohen suggests: "Inside the house I saw the mutilated and burned bodies of victims of violence, charred body of a woman tied to the lattice window.  Arabs massacred school teacher Apriata along with his wife and mother, a lawyer Toledano, they cut her to pieces with knives.  Breaking into the orphanage, they broke the children of the head and chop off their hands.  I personally have seen those sacrifices ... ".
  According to other testimony, "the rioters reached outright sadism, is cracking down on butcher their victims.  For example, an elderly woman, they ripped open his stomach and shoved back the cat.  A child and a young woman who had the next day to get married, were shot in cold blood by the Arabs, the police when they tried to hide from the mobs in the courtyard of the police department.  Ironically, these Constables, who served in British units were responsible for the safety of local Jews ... "

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The Jewish quarter of Safed after the pogrom.  1929

  The pogroms of 1929 changed the attitude of Jews to Arabs.
  Arthur Ruppin, who helped create the group advocates a binational state, "Brith Shalom" came out of it, since ceased to believe in the possibility of peaceful coexistence between Arabs and Jews in one state.
  The writer Shai Agnon, whose house in Talpiot (Jerusalem) was looted during the riots, he wrote in those days: "I do not hate them Arabs, and I do not like them, I just can not see their faces.  In my humble opinion, we must now create a large ghetto in Palestine for half a million Jews, because if we do not, we (not Gd forbid) all perish "
  The small Jewish community in Gaza City took refuge in a hotel in the city where the Arab mob to resist the assault.  In the end, the Jewish community of the city was evacuated by the British authorities.  Jewish population was prevented from returning to the city after the massacre.  The small Jewish community of Nablus, Ramallah, Jenin, and Acre were evacuated by the British authorities.  In Tel Aviv and Haifa, the Haganah Jewish movement Beitar youth and managed to beat off the Arab rioters.
  British armored cars during the Arab riots

  In total, during the riots killed about 133 Jews and 116 Arabs.  195 Arabs and 34 Jews were sentenced for various crimes related to violence.  Death sentences were handed down 17 Arabs and two Jews, but they were replaced by long prison terms, except for the three Arabs who were hanged.  Large collective fines were imposed on 25 Arab villages and urban neighborhoods.
  The main victims of the pogroms were not representatives of the secular Zionist youth who organized an effective self-defense, and a very small religious Jewish communities in Hebron, Safed, Jerusalem, Gaza and other cities for centuries lived side by side with its Arab neighbors, peacefully praying about their holy places, and never who took up arms.  Moreover, the ultra-Orthodox Jews have a negative attitude to secular Zionists, considering them as apostates from the faith.
  In 1929 in New York held a big demonstration against the massacres in Palestine

  The British commission of inquiry led by Sir Walter Shaw has collected evidence on both sides.
  The Arab delegation in London.  A protest delegation in December 1929

  In the first row, second from left Palestinian Mufti Haj Amin Husseini.  The Arab delegation in London

  In the future, in Palestine and operated commission under Sir Hope Simpson, which published its report in 1930.
  Commission of inquiry

  Key findings and recommendations of the commissions were as follows.
  Findings
  Mandated government not guilty in causing riots - on the contrary, the authorities have made great efforts to reconcile the parties.
  British troops guarding the Jaffa Gate

  Although the Arabs began to riot, the true cause of tension is the Jewish repatriation and the acquisition of land by Jews.
  A search near the Jaffa Gate.  August 1929

  Purchase of land by Jews led to the expulsion of Arab peasants from them, there is a danger of a class of "landless" Arabs.  Sharply increased the cost of land.  The Jewish National Fund, which has acquired considerable tracts of land, does not allow the Arabs to lease these lands, and even to work on them.
  The demonstration of military power in Jerusalem.  Troops marching in full garb marched through the streets in August.  1929

  There is growing unemployment among Arab workers and artisans, as much of a fundamentally Jewish businesses refusing to hire them.
  Recommendations
  To limit the Jewish immigration.
  Discontinue the practice of buying Arab land by Jews.
  Destroyed by the Arabs Jewish settlement.  1929

  Create a Palestinian legislator with the Arab majority.
  Increase the number of mandatory armed forces.
  Limit the power of the Zionist Organization.
  The funeral of the victims of Arab thugs in Tel Aviv







  Pogroms have put an end to the number of Jewish settlements and communities (Gaza, Hebron, Nablus, Ramallah, Jenin).
  The organization of national defense "Haganah" suffered severe shock.  Over time, there was a split that led to the creation of "Haganah B" ("Etzel"), to take a stronger stance in the Arab-Israeli conflict.
  Personal Note
  The fact that the collective, the author refers to "Jewish emigration," as the reason does not explain the massacre in Safed massacre took place a hundred years before waking up "Arab identity."  Forgotten even by historians pogrom in Safed occurred in 1834, when the Zionists did not exist even in the form of ideas, and the mass Jewish emigration was not.
  The pogrom began June 15, 1834, the day after the Jewish holiday of Shavuot, when members of the local Arab community attacked the Jewish quarter of Safed.  The property, as they have been looted, and Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues were burned to the ground.  Jewish women were tortured and raped.  Many Jews were killed or maimed.  The exact number of victims remains unknown, but eyewitnesses described a horrific scene of murders and torture.  The violence lasted for months, forcing the Jewish community to flee the city and seek refuge in nearby mountains.
  The riots were suppressed by troops under the command of the Lebanese Druze, Ibrahim Pasha after the intervention of foreign consuls.  The instigators were arrested along with the governor of the city and later executed in Acre.  When the mayhem was over, most of the Jewish community were left homeless and property, in absolute poverty.

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Palestinian riots late 20s - 30s.  Part 2.  The rapid appearance of 1933 and "Black Hand"

In February 1930 the delegation of the Palestine Arab Executive Committee in London trying to get the British government, "government majority" under the auspices of the British in Palestine.  However, the British government insisted on the continuation of mandatory treatment and at least partial implementation of its obligations to Zionist organizations.   Return of the Muslim delegation.  1930   Members of the Commission on the issue of the Western Wall.  June 1930   In March 1933 a meeting of influential Palestinian Arabs out of 500 people convened in Jaffa, condemned the British for the continuation of Jewish immigration.  Meanwhile the Palestinian Arabs who sold land to Jews, threatened to boycott the meeting.   Sheiks from different tribes greet each other with the Nazi salute.  1933   The military guards outside the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem   October 13, 1933 Palestinian Executive Committee organized a one day general strike and demonstration in Jerusalem.  The demonstration was brutally broken up by British police.   Demonstrators at the Jaffa Gate.  Police refer to full readiness.  October 13, 1933   Arab demonstrators under the blows of police batons.  Jaffa District vorot.1933   Arab demonstration at the New Gate.  Police cordon to stop the procession.  Jerusalem, October 13, 1933   Arab protesters smashed police.  Streets littered with stones, fez and shoes October 13, 1933   The inhabitants of Jerusalem during the Arab riots.  1933   British troops entered Jerusalem to protect the city's Jewish population.  1933   The consequences of the Arab riots.  Feeding from public funds wounded during the mutiny.  October 13, 1933   October 26, 1933 in Jaffa there was a demonstration of Arabs killed in the course of her 27 demonstrators and one British police officer.  Palestinian executive committee said the declaration of a seven-day strike and holding new demonstrations.   Barbed wire on the area of Jaffa.  Police preparing for the Arab reaction to the events of October 26, 1933   Barbed wire in the Jaffa during the riots.  1933   The soldiers and mounted police patrol the Jaffa   A crowd of Arab rioters.  1933   Police operation in Jaffa.  Left Ottoman bank.1933.   RAF planes over Jerusalem.  Britain shows the military power of the Arabs.  October 1933   Return of the Grand Mufti Muhammad Amin al-Husseini from India.  Meeting at Gethsemane, November 17, 1933   In the late 20's in Haifa around the Islamic cleric Izz al-Din al-Qassam formed a clandestine paramilitary group "Black Hand", whose goal is to fight against the British Mandate and the Jewish Yishuv.  In the group were mostly poor and uneducated peasants, some of whom lost their jobs or land due to Jewish immigration.   In 1930 he created an underground military organization "Black Hand".  The purpose of the organization was killing and terrorizing of Jews in the north of Palestine in 1930-1935 years.  it killed at least eight Jews, including 3 members of Kibbutz Yagur and father and son from the settlement of Nahalal.  Al-Qassam Brigades called for jihad against "infidel British," and against "Zionist collaborators" using religion to justify the actions of the organization ..  After the Hebron massacre (1929), in which 67 Jews were killed, 63 wounded and had to leave the city, he strengthened the anti-Jewish and anti-British propaganda, received a special fatwa on Damascus Mufti Sheikh Badr al-Din al-Taji al-Hasani .   October 16, 1935 in the port of Jaffa in the shipment of barrels of cement was found a large consignment of arms smuggling - 800 rifles and 400 thousand rounds of ammunition.  The cargo of cement destined Jewish businessman.  Among the Arab population has spread the rumor that this weapon is designed for the "massacre" or at least the war with the Arabs.  The incident caused outrage among the Arab population.  In early November 1935 group of Izz al-Din al-Qassam decided to resume its activity, possibly under the influence of "the incident with the cement."  November 6, 1935 by its members was killed by a Jewish policeman in the area of ​​Gilboa.  November 12, 1935 a group of al-Qassam armed attack committed in the Jenin district, where attacks were also Arabs who collaborated with the Mandate authorities, or to sell land to Jews   This murder has caused large-scale operation to search for the killers and 21 November, al-Qassam was surrounded by parts of the British Army and was killed along with three other members of the group.  Al-Qassam's funeral in the village of Balad al-Sheikh, near Haifa, resulted in a large-scale demonstration.  These events have become a catalyst for the Arab rebellion 1936-1939.  This is the next release, and while a little frame of Jewish life in Palestine in those years.   Maccabiah in 1932.  The team from Poland   Maccabiah in 1932.  Athletics, the race for 100 meters.  An athlete from Germany Hyman wins the race   Maccabiah in 1932.  Athlete of the U.S. Flaxman wins the race for 1500 meters.   1932 U.S. Maccabiah athlete Schneider, a champion in the discus throw at 48.59 meters   Maccabiah in 1932.  Sports commentators   Maccabiah in 1932.  On the podium the High Commissioner and President of the Palestine Maccabiah Lelever Doctor from Berlin   Construction of the Opera House in Tel Aviv, 1930   Street in Tel Aviv, 1929   Carnival on Purim in Tel Avive.1934 year.  Yemen is the queen of carnival in the form of Esther   The celebration of Purim in Tel Avive.1934 year.   Sir Herbert Samuel visits the Jewish settlement.  1935   Kind of one of the Jewish settlements.  1935

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Palestinian riots late 20s - 30s.  Part 3.  The first stage of the uprising (April 1936 - July

November 25, 1935 five Arab political parties have filed a joint high commissioner of Palestine protest, which demanded:
  Cessation of Jewish immigration
  Termination of the transfer of land
  Establishment of democratic government
  The British offered in response to a legislative council, in which the British would have the last word.  This proposal was rejected by both Arabs and Zionists.  Negotiations finally reached an impasse in April 1936 when the Arabs began a general strike.
  Palestinian Arabs in Abu Gosh to take an oath of loyalty Arab cause, promising to deal with Jewish immigration


  April 13, 1936 the Arabs had been killed a Jew.
  The long chain of Jewish bus returning from a funeral for a police escort

  Evening of April 15 armed Arab gang, composed, apparently, of the followers of the murdered Sheikh al-Qassam, has established a cordon road in a hilly area to the east of Tulkarem.  The militants demanded that the Arab driver "fee" to buy weapons.  According to Jewish drivers, they opened fire, resulting in one killed on the spot, another died after 5 days and the third survived.
  Two cars belonging to Jews were burned on the highway, the owners killed

  The Jewish car was burned, the owner is killed.  April 1936

  Two days later, on April 17, as "punishment" of the Jewish fighters organization "Irgun" came to an Arab hut on the outskirts of Petah Tikva, killing two Arabs who lived in it.
  Following the attack on the Jewish drivers, on April 17, in Tel Aviv were Jewish anti-Arab and anti-British demonstrations orientation.
  Jewish pohorony.Soldaty protect participants.

  April 19 Arab crowd, Roused by rumors that Jews had killed four Arabs in Tel Aviv, began anti-Jewish riots in Jaffa.  According to other reports, the riots began during the funeral of two Arab workers who were killed by militants in the Irgun Petah Tikva.  During these riots killed 6 (according to other nine Jews and two Arabs were killed by the police.
  Machine-gun nest on the roof of the police station in Jaffa.

  Burned Jewish lumber warehouse in Jaffa

  Rioters have burned the Jewish quarter in the lumber warehouse Shammas.

  Manshis thugs in the neighborhood, Jaffa.  Jewish residential building.



  In the next two days, started clashes between Jewish and Arab residents of neighborhoods in Tel-Aviv-Jaffa.  Residents attacked each other, looted and burned shops and homes.  It killed eight Jews and six Arabs (Arabs killed by police).  According to Martin Gilbert, from 19 to 22 April in Jaffa by Arabs killed 15 Jews and four Arabs were killed by the police.
  Jaffa.  The Jewish people are leaving the zone of turmoil.

  Jaffa.  Arab residents leave the area of unrest.

  Patrol with a machine gun on the streets of Jaffa during the riots in Palestine.1936

  Jaffa.  British soldiers raided the Arabs in search of weapons.

  On April 19, residents of Nablus, was formed the National Committee.  Later, these committees were formed in other cities.  In such committees composed of local representatives of the main Arab political parties.  As a wave of strikes.
  April 25 in Jerusalem, brought together representatives of the main Arab political parties.  They created the Supreme Arab Committee (HAC), led by Amin al-Husseini, who led the revolt.  The Committee put forward demands to the authorities the mandate to immediately stop Zionist immigration, ban the sale of land by Arabs to Jews and to create a legislature based on the general election.  General strike was declared a period of one month.  If the authorities refuse to comply with the mandate, the committee threatened to resort to another, including the strong-arm tactics.
  During the unrest in Palestine, large groups of Arabs carried out a demonstration near the palace of the British High Commissioner in Jerusalem.  1936

  May 1 in Haifa, one Jew was killed by the Arabs, the second - he died the next day.  May 13 two elderly Jews were killed in the Old City of Jerusalem.
  British troops (in pith helmets) were introduced in 1936 in Jerusalem to keep order in the city

  Jewish families, the output of the British police of the Old Town

  The Jewish exodus from the Old Town.  The photo was taken near the Jaffa Gate

  Narrou Street, barricaded Jewish quarter of Jerusalem (Old City)

  Soldiers and police are investigating a bomb attack in the office of District Commissioner.  In 1936.

  By mid-May, the authorities began to pull the mandate of Palestine in the army.  Were set up checkpoints and curfews, while the British promised to reduce Jewish immigration up to 4500 people in the next six months.  WAC was not satisfied with this proposal.  In the countryside, armed insurrection.  Began attacks on British and to a lesser extent the Jewish goal.
  May 16 Arab militants shot the crowd of Jews leaving the theater, killing three people.
  The victims of clashes between Arabs and Jews in Tel Aviv.  1936

  The rebels temporarily seized control of Jaffa, whose narrow streets were difficult to access for British forces.  There were attacks on police building in Jaffa.  In response, the British blew up the old Jaffa approximately 220 buildings and built it wide aisles between the houses.
  British Army Corps of Engineers destroy buildings in Jaffa Summer 1936

  The destruction of Jaffa neighborhoods with dynamite

  Victim of destruction

  The new wide streets instead of the demolished Arab neighborhoods in Jaffa

  A neutral area between Jaffa and Tel Aviv.  Summer 1936

  The British regained control of Nablus.  From Hebron had to evacuate all the Jewish inhabitants had time to go back there after the pogrom of 1929.
  In response to the campaign, which was conducted by Arab leaders in the rural population, the British Mandate sent outside the territory of some of them.
  June 12, 1936 in Jerusalem, two Arab militants made an attempt on the life of Deputy Superintendent of Palestine, Alan Sigrista.  Despite the resulting gunshot wound of his car and fall into the gorge Sigrist survived.
  Murder of Jews continued.  August 17 had been killed two Jewish nurses in the hospital of Jaffa.  The Arabs destroyed the Jewish orchards and plantations, destroying about 200,000 trees.  Due to ambush Jewish snipers Transport had to move columns and cars began to book
  Jewish bus equipped with special grilles from stones and grenades

  Jewish convoy on the road Jaffa-Jerusalem, accompanied by police



  By mid-May and late summer, especially the center of the uprising in 1936 moved to the countryside, where peasants number of units of 50-100 men attacked Jewish and British targets.
  The body of the lieutenant, who was shot near Safad, brought to Haifa

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British soldiers are buried one of their comrades killed by an Arab bullet.  1936

  At first WAC stated that he has no connection with the rebels, and condemned the violent activities.  According to B. Morris WAC to some extent, was responsible for the creation and funding of rural groups and for "terrorist activities in the cities."  However, due to fighting between Palestinian Arab parties and clans, WAC full control over the majority of the rebel groups never existed.
  Members of the Arab Higher Committee.  In the first row from left to right: Ragheb Nashashibi Bay, chairman of the defense, al-Husseini, the mufti and chairman of the Committee, Ahmed Hilmi Pasha, the head of the Jerusalem Arab Bank, Abdul Latif Bay Es-Salah, Chairman of the Arab National Party, Mr. Alfredo Roque, an influential landowner

  Part of HAC and the rebels received from Italy, located in hostile relations with England.  The press in Italy and Germany supported the rebellion, against the British.  Part of al-Husseini received from the Nazis.
  In the late summer of 1936 in Samaria, entered a detachment of 200 volunteers from Arab countries, led by a Syrian officer, Fawzi al-Kavukdzhi, a former officer in the Turkish army and the Syrian leader of the insurgency against the French authorities.  The commanders of many of the major groups recognized the Arab revolt of his head.
  The soldiers put out the fire caused by explosion of ammunition near the barracks of Talavera, Jerusalem

  After penetration into Samaria foreign Arab volunteers by the end of the summer the British moved to large-scale military operations in the countryside, during which used the blasts as a means of punishment and deterrence.
  Blown up by British soldiers, one of the Arab houses in Lod.

  Prolonged strikes and military operations heavily on the economic situation of Palestinian Arabs.  October 10 kings of Transjordan, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and Iraq addressed the WAC with a circulation of calling off the strike and to trust the "good intentions of our friend, the UK, which stated that it will come to justice."
  Panorama of Jerusalem during the unrest in Palestine.  1936

  Jets over the streets of Jerusalem.  1936

  October 11 WAC issued a Declaration, which requested "the noble Arab nation of Palestine appeal for calm and an end to strikes and unrest."  At the same time Arab leaders sent WAC teams secret letter in which he expressed his admiration for their dedication and asked them to suspend all hostilities for the duration of the royal commission that was supposed to come from the UK.
  Strengthening of the railway station Atlit

  The British promised to create a royal commission to review the requirements of the Palestinian Arabs in the case of the end of the uprising in May 1936.  After application of HAC to stop the uprising the British Army has allowed members of the Arab troops, laid down their arms, return to their villages.  Foreign Arab volunteers under the command of al-Kavukdzhi was allowed to withdraw from Palestine by the Jordan River.
  British Royal Commission arrived in Palestine, November 11, 1936.  It was headed by Lord William Robert Peel, the former UK Secretary of State for India.
  British High Commissioner, Lord William Robert Peel in 1937, sent to Palestine as chairman of the British Royal Commission

  Lord Peel arrived in Mandatory Palestine November 11, 1936

  Lord Peel, along with General Dill on Mount Scopus.



  Originally WAC said of the boycott committee until such time as the British authorities did not fully stop Jewish immigration.  The British reduced the quota for Jewish immigration from 4500 to 1800, but the WAC is not satisfied.  However, later, under pressure from moderate Arab-Palestinian opposition and a number of Arab governments, WAC has gone on cooperation with the Commission.  In January 1937 members of the WAC and the head of al-Husseini, the commission gave evidence.
  Members of the WAC and the head of al-Husseini arrived for a meeting with the Royal Commission

  Members of the committee, who worked in Jerusalem and London, were treated with lobbyists on both sides of the conflict.
  The members of the royal commission in his office

  In this case the Jewish side, which operated more successfully aimed to achieve the separation of Palestine into two states.
  Dr. Chaim Weizmann arrived in the Department of the Royal Commission on his car

  Ben-Gurion wrote in a letter to his son:
  The Jewish state in part [of Palestine] - this is not the end but the beginning ... the possession of the territory is not only important as such ..  through it we will increase our strength, and any increase in our strength makes taking control of the country in its entirety.  The establishment of [small] state ... will serve as a powerful lever in our historical effort to return the entire country.
  A British soldier keeps order in the region of the Western Wall in Jerusalem at the time of establishing order in 1937

  July 7, 1937 the commission published its report.  The report stated that the conflict can not be resolved within a single state.  The Commission recommended the partition of Palestine into two states.  At the same time the Jewish state was to get the most out of Galilee, and a strip along the coastal plain up to the modern Ashdod (a total of 20 percent of Palestine, or 5 thousand km ²).  The Arabs got all the modern West Bank, Gaza, Negev, and the neighborhood, these lands were to enter into a single Arab state, which is also included to Transjordan.
  Under the control of England, according to the plan should have been left Jerusalem, Bethlehem and the narrow corridor to the sea from them, including Lydda (Lod) and Ramle and Jaffa (Jaffa).  Also, under the control of England was to remain a narrow strip in the northwest Gulf of Aqaba, and possibly the city of Nazareth.  Under the temporary control of England were to be the city with a mixed population in the Jewish state: Haifa, Acre (Akko) Safed and Tiberias.
  Putting the Jewish Agency, the political representation of the Jewish people in Palestine, February 14, 1937 was partially destroyed in the riots in Jerusalem.



  The second major proposal to the commission was a "population exchange".  Of the future Jewish state commission recommended in the Arab state to evict the approximately 225,000 Arabs.  From the Arab part of Palestine to the Jewish state was to be deported Jews in 1250.  This "exchange" would be made by agreement, and that all displaced persons should have received a fair compensation.  However, in the case of the Arab population transfer resistance he had to be carried out by the British army by force.
  According to the historian Benny Morris, "it is logical to assume that the Zionist leaders have played a role in persuading the commission to decide on Peel's transfer."  Twentieth Zionist Congress, held in 1937, has expressed willingness to support the decision to divide the territory.
  In July 1937 Peel Commission report was rejected by the WAC.
  Absolutely Jewish audience at the opening ceremony of the Levantine trade fairs in Tel Aviv

  Jewish stevedores, unloading the cement at Tel Aviv Port

  Lieutenant-General Dill, who visited the Wailing Wall.

  Meir Dizengoff's funeral, the mayor of Tel Aviv.  He died September 23, 1936.

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Palestinian riots late 20s - 30s.  Part 4.  The second phase of revolt.  Issue 1 (October 1

The Arabs had a very negative attitude to the proposal of the British Commission.  Even the moderate opposition among the Palestinian Arabs, first by agreeing to a partition, was forced to reject it under the influence of public opinion.
  Barred buses in Jerusalem



  According to the British Regional Commissioner in Galilee, was "useless to hope that the Arab population in Galilee, ever reconcile with such a project ... a general feeling [in the Arab population] is that they have been betrayed and that they are forced to leave their land and perish in what , then an unknown wilderness. "  In addition, the Arabs believed that the Jews are the best land on which was located 78% of Arab orange groves.
  The fortified house in Ramat Rahel.  1937

  In mid-1937 in Jerusalem, was shot by a car inspector general British police Colonel Roy Spicer, Spicer himself survived [39].  September 26 rebels killed the district commissioner of Galilee Lewis Andrews.  Since then, the rebellion broke out with renewed vigor.
  Edward Keith-Roach, a senior British official in Palestine.  1937

  According to Benny Morris, it is difficult to determine whether the HAC took the decision to start the revolt, or it was raised spontaneously.  WAC in a statement condemned the murder of a British Commissioner, and the Mufti al-Husseini issued a public appeal to an appeal for restraint and condemned the violence.
  Sheikh Saadi Faaran one of the leaders of the Arab resistance in Palestine, in a military court in Haifa, where he was sentenced to death.  1937

  However, despite these statements, 1 October 1937 the authorities announced mandatory WAC and city committees of the National Palestinian Arabs out of the law.  Al-Husseini was removed from his post as head of the Supreme Muslim Council.  About 200 prominent Arab-Palestinian activists were arrested and deported to the Seychelles.  October 12 al-Husseini managed to flee by sea into Lebanon.
  Arson in Jerusalem, 21 and August 22, 1938

  In the future, until its completion in September 1939 passed the rebellion without a centralized leadership.  It was attended by a large number of small isolated groups of Arab, operating mainly in rural areas.
  Burned railway station

  By the summer of 1938 these units numbered in the "hundreds" and their average size is 8-15 people.
  In the vicinity of Tiberias Arabs have erected barricades to stop the advance of the British army vehicles.  1938

  Results in the uprising on the Arab side to the middle of 1938 was attended by 2,500 to 7,500 people and another 6,000 to 15,000 people took part in the revolt sporadically.
  Military patrol in search of weapons in the Jaffa Gate.  July 13, 1938.

  The peak of the second phase of revolt was in the summer-autumn 1938.  By the summer of 1938 the rebels controlled most of the rural areas and have partial control over the cities.
  Train bombing near Loda

  In October 1938 he even managed to 5 days to take control of the old city of Jerusalem.  British army was able to re-occupy the town, using local Arabs as "human shields."
  Crowds of Arabs in the Al-Aqsa mosque had gathered for Friday prayers.  Friday September 16, 1938

  Group of Arabs in the Al-Aqsa Mosque reading inflammatory posters on the walls.  Friday September 16, 1938

  After attending church services in the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, the Arabs rushed to destroy the Jews of Jerusalem.  1938

  Well-armed British soldiers to protect the house, which stormed the Arab rioters in 1938

  Damascus Gate is fully closed.  Friday September 16, 1938

  The funeral of some unnamed members of mutiny.  Friday September 16, 1938

  Putting the Jewish Agency, the political representation of the Jewish people in Palestine, in Jerusalem destroyed.  Destruction ogromny.1938

  British soldiers in Jerusalem carried out sweep the rebel kvartalov.1938

  Arabs kill the body tribesmen were killed during the liquidation of the Arab revolt by British troops in Jerusalem.  1938

  British soldiers with machine guns on the troubled streets of Jerusalem.  In 1938.

  British soldiers questioned the old woman during a sweep of Jerusalem.  1938

  Attempts to al-Husseini organized leadership of the uprising in Syria were not crowned with complete success.  In Damascus, he and other members of the fleeing WAC was formed the Central Committee of the National Jihad in Palestine.  Committee several times appointed Chief uprising, but the commanders on the ground are often ignored by committee.  In mid 1938 Council Committee established a major rebel leaders, but also control of this committee over the course of the uprising was not effective.
  Jewish Arab buses are attacked, and therefore protected by bars on the windows.  1938

  At the beginning of 1939, resulting in severe action the British Army, many of the insurgents were killed and others were pushed beyond the mandate in Transjordan, where their members were killed or captured by the Arab Legion.  By this time the rebellion had lost the remnants of organization.  According to Benny Morris, themselves rebels killed more Arabs than Jews or British forces.  There were clashes between rebel groups for control over territory or prey, and the Arab population of more negative attitude towards attempts by insurgents to take with them "indemnity."
  The result of terrorist acts and sabotage.  The destruction of communication lines

  The result of terrorist acts and sabotage.  The remains of burned Jewish passenger bus in Balad Esh-Sheikh outside Haifa

  The result of terrorist acts and sabotage.  Burned Jewish home in Haifa

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The result of terrorist acts and sabotage.  Burned Jewish home in Haifa

  British marines and police control the streets of Haifa

  Many rural residents refused to fund the rebel forces, or give them refuge.  In some Arab villages were formed by a group of self-defense against the rebels.  Attempts to Damascus committee, headed by al-Husseini stop extortion by the rebels and to reconcile the various units were unsuccessful.
  A search of Arab residents of Jerusalem, a standard procedure, performed by British soldiers during the Arab terror.  1938

  Sharply increased conflict between moderate probritanskoy Arab-Palestinian opposition, led by Nashashibi family, and the rebels, which are mainly supported by the family of al-Husseini.  Between rival Arab groups launched violent confrontation, followed by the killing of opponents.  It is estimated that up to 30,000 Palestinian Arabs (mostly urban elite) left the mandated territory in the years 1936-39, fleeing the internecine killings and extortion.
  The opposition group led by Nashashibi family with a secret in December 1937 asked for help and financial support from the Jewish Agency, and apparently got it for the remaining years of the uprising.  Under the leadership of the Arab-Palestinian opposition in villages set up so-called "forces of peace," which in 1938 numbered 3,000 participants.
  The British army patrol near Nablus.  1938

  At the same time, the Arabs tried to offer Jewish Yishuv joint struggle against the British, and a complete break with the Mandate authorities - an offer that, as pointed out by Ghassan Kanafani, the Zionists have resolutely refused.  By May 1939 the rebellion was almost completely suppressed, and ceased completely by September.  "The peace forces" of Palestinian Arabs were also dismissed by the British, and their weapons confiscated.
  Barbed wire along the border of Palestine and Sirii.1938

  British forces began active military operations to suppress the rebellion in the early days of about 120 Arabs were executed (including 40 by hanging).
  The result of terrorist acts.  In Palestine, introduced additional army units.  British warships in the harbor of Haifa

  The result of terrorist acts.  In Palestine, introduced additional army units.  Hayfa.Nizhny City

  The result of terrorist acts.  In Palestine, introduced additional army units.  The camp is the first Irish Guards at the foot of Mount Ebal

  The result of terrorist acts.  In Palestine, introduced additional army units.  British soldiers patrol the main street of Nablus

  Although officially the British administration did not recognize the Jewish organization "Haganah", but were forced to go with them to cooperate.  Of the Jews had formed special police forces.
  Barricades on the border between Jaffa and Tel Aviv.  Jewish and British police are protecting the territory of

  At the same time against the Arabs acted as a breakaway from the "Haganah" in 1931 the organization "Irgun".
  David Raziel (December 19, 1910, Smorgon, Vilna Governorate, Russian Empire - May 20, 1941, Iraq) - One of the founders and the fourth head of the underground military organization of the "Irgun" (from 1937 to 1941).  The leader of "Beitar".  In 1941, after Iraq was anti-British rebellion, Britain has asked to send a detachment of soldiers Raziel to sabotage the operation to destroy oil rigs near Baghdad, which were important for the German army.  David Raziel decided to participate in self-sabotage.  A group of four people flew from Israel to Iraq May 17, 1941.  During the operation, May 20, 1941 Raziel was killed by a bomb dropped from German aircraft

  The British used against the Palestinian Arab tactics of collective punishment, which was officially sanctioned.  In 1924-25 years to the mandated territory was introduced by the decree "On collective responsibility and punishment," and in 1936 he was supported by the decree "On the collective penalties."  He was also issued a law introducing the death penalty for possession of arms without the permission of the British.  During the uprising, a system of military courts, a decision which could not be appealed.
  Jewish women take part in the defense of Jewish settlements from Arab attacks of 1938

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The destruction of homes as a measure of collective punishment has become a common tactic of the British Army since the beginning of the uprising.  This measure is used in both rural and in urban areas.  The largest share of the explosion was the destruction of homes from 200 to 240 houses in the old city of Jaffa in the summer of 1936, in which no houses were about six thousand people.  People were notified of the impending destruction of their homes for 14 hours of leaflets from the air.  Ghassan Kanafani mentions two villages (Abu Kabir and Sheikh Murad), where it was destroyed, respectively, 300 and 350 houses.  Many villages were entirely destroyed, and their destruction was carried out, even with the warships.
  Police barracks and a post office in Bethlehem Arab rebels burned



  Altogether during the uprising during the war and as a punitive actions have been destroyed, probably about 2000 Arab houses.
  In August 1938 an Arab was killed by the British administration official in the city of Jenin.  The gunman was later shot while trying to escape.  In response, the British decided as an act of revenge to destroy part of the city with the help of explosives.  Was blown up an entire block.
  Jenin, September 3, 1938.  The main road of Jerusalem, Galilee passing through Jenin, visible piles of debris on the site of the destroyed buildings

  Another measure was the collection of fines from the collective villages or placing British garrisons in the villages, who were obliged to keep the villagers.  If the villagers had no money, levied fines products.
  The detained rebels were sometimes used by British soldiers as human shields.  For example, they were put on the hood of the front of the truck in the convoy or on a trolley in front of the train.
  Arab hostages on a trolley, set to the British armored train

  The Arabs, wounded in battle, the British often do not have a care, prisoners were beaten and abused, there were cases of massacre of Arabs in their attempt to surrender
  The result of terrorist acts and sabotage.  The main road between Nablus and Jenin Arab rebels blocked

  The beginning of the uprising that followed after several years of silence, shocked the yishuv.  B. Morris, a historian wrote that speech antisionistkie Arabs, many Jews were perceived as pogroms.  The green banner of the insurgents was compared with a swastika, and they were charged with ethnic hatred.  Many Jews really did not understand the reason for the uprising, believing that the Zionist immigration of Palestinian Arabs has brought economic progress.  Palestinian Arab national movement was not recognized as such, and if admitted, it tried to de-legitimize and to call a terrorist and immoral.
  The curfew in the old town and the surrounding area (Jerusalem)

  A typical scene of troops in the Old City to the lifting of the curfew

  Army after the opening of the Damascus Gate conducts inspections and detentions

  A crowd of Arabs waiting for lifting of the curfew to enter the Old City

  October 2, 1938 g in Tiberias Arabs organized a pogrom of the Jewish population of Arab rioters entered the Jewish quarter of Kiryat Shmuel and killed 19 Jews in Tiberias, of which 11 were children.  During the massacre of 70 Arabs armed torched Jewish homes and the local synagogue.  In one of the houses were burnt alive by her mother and her five children.  The old guard at the synagogue was stabbed to death and another family of four people killed.  During the attack in an area where 2,000 people lived, there were only 15 Jewish guards.  Coast of the Sea of ​​Galilee left unattended, as this was the least expected direction of attack.  Two Jewish security guard were killed during the attack.
  In Tiberias in his house was burnt alive by a Jewish family.  The photograph of the body tolerate zhertv.1938



  The representative of the British Mandate, said: "It was premeditated murder and verified. British troops engaged in search of the perpetrators of the crime gangs."
  Alex Morrison, a truck driver, an Englishman, sympathized with the Arabs, he wrote:
  "They left behind the worst I've seen in my life ...  Naked body of women, indicating that the knifes were used the most terrible way.  Still smoldering bodies of children, apparently set on fire with gasoline in the nursery. "
  After the massacre, the Jewish organization "Irgun" planning to commit retaliation with "Haganah", but has not received the consent of the latter.  Soon, the Arabs killed Jewish mayor of Tiberias, Isaakp Zaki Alhadifa.
  Describing the Arab Revolt, the Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann wrote:
  On the one hand went up the forces of destruction, and deserts, and the other forces of civilization stand firm and creativity.  The war of civilization and wilderness is old, but we will not be stopped.
  At the same time, other Zionist leaders making statements in public, others are themselves aware that they are faced with competing national movement may have objective reasons for dissatisfaction.  David Ben-Gurion said:
  The Arabs see the [...] is absolutely the opposite of what we see.  And it does not matter if they see it right [...] They see a giant-scale immigration [...] see how the Jews are stronger economically [...] They see that the best land pass into our hands, and that Britain identifies with Zionism [...] [The Arabs] feel that they are fighting against obezdolivaniya.  Their fear is not losing ground, and the loss of the homeland of the Arab people that others want to turn into a Jewish homeland nard.

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Palestinian riots late 20s - 30s.  Part 4.  The second phase of revolt.  No.  2 (October 19

  At the first stage of the uprising's leaders proclaimed the principle of restraint Yishuv (havlaga in Hebrew).  They did not want to hold their own, are not consistent with the British operations against the Arabs, fearing British reprisals for it, and decided to give the British to crush the rebellion.  The activities of the Jewish paramilitary groups was reduced mainly to protect the settlements and convoys, and later in rural areas were established special patrols.

  The Jewish police Kvar Saba


  In August 1936, in response to insurgent attacks, which killed six Jews, "Haganah" attacks made against the Arab neighborhoods, which resulted in the death of several people, including women.  Around the same time, in mid-August 1936, the Haganah abandoned this tactic, and has returned to a policy of restraint.
  Until the summer of 1937 and the "Haganah", and a splinter from her previous paramilitary organization Zionist revisionists "Irgun" as a whole maintained a policy of restraint.  However, in October 1937 the number of attacks by the Arabs has increased.  In response, the leadership of "Irgun" decided to use its version of the principle of "eye for an eye" in the form directed at civilians in retaliatory operations "in retaliation" for Arab violence.
  Attack on Arab bus July 4, 1938



  Since the summer of 1937, "Irgun" was to organize terrorist attacks by placing bombs in public places and buses.  According to B. Morris, before the Arabs and the Jews did not use such tactics.  The new launched "Irgun" tactics as bombs in public places introduced, as he puts it, a new dimension to the Middle East conflict.  This tactic was soon adopted and the Arabs, and it became a "tradition" in the coming decades in Palestine and later in Israel, especially by adding a line in the brutal conflict.
  Hospital shelled a bus May 24, 1938




  British soldiers searched a religious Jew in search of weapons in 1938

  The explosion of bombs in Arab population centers in the cluster were killed or maimed for life dozens of random people.  If before the Arab side were killed mostly rebels, after the terrorist attacks "Irgun" the Arab side has a lot of civilians die.  As a result of these actions, "Irgun" Arab terrorism has not decreased, but among the moderate Palestinian Arabs became increasingly coming to believe that Zionism should be fought and that we should support the uprising.
  Search for shipments of arms to Jewish

  Explosions were convicted Jewish Agency and Jewish centrist and leftist parties.
  August 26th, the day of the big terrorist attack in Jaffa.  The soldiers looking for weapons



  Results from 1936 to 1939 "Irgun" was killed about 240-250 Arabs.  During those same years, the Arabs were killed 174 Jews.
  The main Jewish paramilitary organization, "Haganah", the second phase of revolt began to create new highly mobile paramilitary groups - the "field's mouth", whose task was to patrol the areas and roads between the settlements and the rapid provision of settlement assistance in cases of attack.  These units were formed in the spring of 1938 with the active participation of the former Red Army officer Yitzhak Sadeh.  "Field Company," reported not to specific settlements, and the regional representatives of the "Haganah".
  In early 1939, Yitzhak Sadeh at the direction of Ben-Gurion created three secret unit known as PIP ("peulot meuhadot" - "special purpose units").  The task of these groups included the response actions against Arab terrorists and villages, the elimination of informers, they were used against the British.  For example, in response to the killing of the driver in Haifa in the middle of 1939 members of the PIP was kidnapped and executed five residents of the village Balad al-Sheikh.  Subordinate units directly PIP Ben-Gurion, bypassing the General Staff, "Haganah."
  Another joint British-Jewish group was "Night units" by a Scottish officer Ordom Wingate, who, being a Christian, was a supporter of Zionist ideas.  The detachments consisted of 100 Jews (from the "Hagana" and a temporary police force) and 60 British soldiers.  Units operating at night in the Galilee and were based on the kibbutzim.
  Members of the "Night squads" Wingate

  They made retaliatory raids against villages from which the rebel forces have acted.  During the first month of the "Night squads" were killed about 60 Arabs.  According to some reports, the methods used by these troops were "extreme and violent" and they were "tortured, beat, whip, executed and insulted the Arabs."  Ghassan Kanafani suggests that the actions were the result of Wingate was not his personal beliefs, and the job he had received from his command, but the documentary evidence of this theory does not.
  Jewish workers erecting barbed wire in the north of the Upper Galilee.  In 1938.

  The camp was created in connection with the construction of barbed wire on the border of northern Galilee.  In 1938.

  Poster calling for protests to participate in

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  "The White Book 1939" was published May 17, 1939 after the failure of St. James Conference.
  At the end of 1938 in anticipation of the impending war in Europe, Britain began to look for ways to appease the growing discontent of the Arab pro-Zionist policy in Palestine.  November 7, 1938 British Cabinet issued a prelozheniem for a conference, which will bring together Jews and Arabs to "separate parallel negotiations between His Majesty's Government and the Arabs, His Majesty's Government and the Jews."
  The Palestinian position at the beginning of the conference have been announced: the creation of the Arab national government in Palestine, an end to all Jewish immigration, banning further land sales to Jews.  Representatives of several Arab states met in Cairo in yanvare1939 year and agreed on a joint position.  In the days preceding the opening session, the Jewish Agency Chairman David Ben-Gurion announced the following four requirements: no concessions on immigration, there is no single Arab state, but only this, which is based on the existing parity in Palestine; cantonization may be an acceptable solution if the Jewish part will be not less that is available today, control of immigration should be in the hands of the Jews.
  The London Conference, St. James Palace, February 1939.  Palestinian delegates (foreground), from left to right: Fouad Saba, Yaqub Al-Hussein, Musa al-Alami, Amin Tamimi, Jamal Al-Husseini, Awni Abdul Hadi, George Antonius and Alfred Roch.  Face to the Palestinians the British led by the chairman, Sir Neville Chamberlain.  To his right is Lord Halifax, and on his left, Malcolm MacDonald.

  The Conference was opened in St James's Palace, February 7, 1939.  Representatives from Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Transjordan, Yemen and the Palestinians (led by Jamal al-Husseini, George Antonius and Musa al-Alami) met with British officials, who have spent as parallel negotiations with members of the Jewish delegation.  Colonial Secretary Malcolm MacDonald served as an intermediary between the delegations.  In connection with the refusal of Arabs to meet a delegation of British Jewish only managed to hold two informal meetings between representatives of several Arab and Jewish delegates.
  During the lengthy discussions, the Arabs have submitted their position, made in Cairo, demanding to cancel the mandate and insist on the creation of an independent Arab state in Palestine.  The Jews, on the other hand, flatly refused to stop large-scale immigration to Palestine and become even more adamant in light of the escalating anti-Jewish policies of Hitler and the recent annexation of Austria.
  Faced with the prospect of complete failure of the conference March 15, 1939, Malcolm MacDonald presented the proposals of the UK: after ten years, a Palestinian state will be established, possibly in the form of a federation with Arab and Jewish cantons.  As the Arabs would have a majority in the National Assembly, will be set up legal safeguards for the Jewish minority and its homeland.  In the next five years, 75,000 Jewish immigrants (of which 25,000 are to be refugees) will be admitted to Palestine.  After immigration will depend on Arab consent.
  The Conference officially ended on March 17.  Chaim Weizmann told MacDonald that the Zionists can not accept the terms of the UK.  British officials in Cairo resumed contacts with representatives of Arab States, which led to some modification of the provisions of McDonald in an attempt to get the full recognition of the Arabs of the proposed new British policy.  Finally, May 17, 1939, the UK White Paper published by Macdonald, who became the end result of the failure of the London Conference.  His condition - though "disappointing and Jews and Arabs" - would govern the official British policy on Palestine during the war years, but little that was of its provisions implemented in practice
  Its main provisions:
  Palestine can not belong only to the Jews or the Arabs only.
  Within 10 years after the publication of the book will be created in Palestine single binational state of Jews and Arabs.
  Jewish immigration quota for the next five years will be equal to 75,000.  At the first stage of immigration will be 25,000 people (to help European Jews), and within 5 years will be permitted immigration of Jews to 10,000 each year, a total of 75,000 people.  In addition to this increase in immigration quotas would depend on Arab consent.
  Limiting the purchase of land by Jews (up to 95% of the land of Palestine will be banned for sale to Jews because of the natural growth of the Arab population)
  As a result of publication of this document, the United Kingdom basically refused to fulfill their commitments to the Jewish people, stemming from the Balfour Declaration and the terms of the mandate.  The proclamation of such a policy during the spread of Nazi domination in Europe, on the eve of World War II, when the mass exodus of Jews from Europe, stopped to prevent the Holocaust, as well as a trigger to start an active struggle against the British mandate Yishuv regime in Palestine.  A law on the transfer of land in 1940, made it virtually impossible to purchase land from the Arabs by Jews.
  Publication of the book led to illegal immigration.  Supporting England in its struggle against Nazi Germany, the Zionist leaders stressed the need to cancel both the British mandate in relation to the regime imposed by the "White Book" restrictions.
  David Ben-Gurion announced the deployment of solutions to combat the "White Paper" for the continuation of immigration, construction and settlement of Palestine and strongly opposed the policy of England, and called for combat by organizing demonstrations, illegal immigration and strengthen the settlement of land acquisition which Jews were prohibited.
  At the outbreak of World War II, Ben-Gurion formulated the policy of the Zionist movement: "We will assist the British in the war as if there were no White Paper and fight the White Paper as if there is no war."
  The methods of this struggle, he believed the organization of mass illegal immigration of Jews survived the Holocaust in Europe, carrying out intensive awareness campaign throughout the world against the policy of Britain in the Palestinian issue, the creation of new settlements despite the prohibitions mandated authorities, and in exceptional cases - and acts of sabotage against the Haganah mandate institutions.  At the same time he demanded strict observance of centralization in the leadership of the struggle with Britain and was an uncompromising opponent of separate actions of clandestine military organization of the Jewish Irgun and Lehi, had declared an armed rebellion against England.  The book also provoked sharp criticism in Britain, both from the opposition and the ruling party, who opposed the policy of MacDonald.  Among the most prominent opponents were former High Commissioner of Palestine, Sir Herbert Samuel and Winston Churchill.
  Jewish opposition to the release of "White Book".  May 18, 1939.
  Jewish youth are preparing for demonstrations at Zion Square in Jerusalem



  The participants listened to an address by Ben-Zvi







  Groups of protesters on the corner of King George Avenue and Agrippa-road





  Young Zionists in the parade on King George Avenue

abgsedapmalam

  The Jewish Legion during the Great War, during a demonstration at the King George Avenue





  Orthodox Jews at a demonstration.  King George Avenue



  Students at the Hebrew University to demonstrate

  View of the so-called call-point.  Two girls on the right refer to the revisionists (the movement of "Beitar")

  Young people are one of the so-called call-points

  At the recruiting office



  The consequences of the demonstrations at the Zion Square in Jerusalem May 18, 1939



  Women's demonstration of May 22, 1939.
  The demonstration drew near to the hotel's "King David" and was stopped by a cordon of police



  British police lined up to hold a demonstration within the specified routes

  Procession of King George Avenue

  British troops on standby near the hotel "King David"

  The delegation of women who were "protest" the Chief Secretary.



  Demonstration before the District Commissioner on the Jaffa road

  The troops on the roof of the District Commissioner



  The Jewish woman is learning to use weapons.  1939

  A Jewish woman with arms ready to repel an Arab attack.  1939

  Banner over Jewish settlement.  1939

Dzulqarnain

Tdk dilupakan,

Thanks in part to the efforts of the Russian-born British chemist Chaim Weizmann, later to become Israel’s first president, England promulgated the Balfour Declaration in 1917. (The letter was transmitted from Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to the British nobleman, Lord Lionel Rothschild.) After they defeated the Ottoman Turks and captured Palestine in 1918, the British began to fulfill the promise to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The League of Nations ratified this promise in 1922 by giving Britain mandatory power over Palestine with the understanding that it would eventually become a Jewish homeland.

- LINK

aidzoul

kesian orang palestine.... bumi mereka telah di curi dan di ambil....

kalau negara lain ambil negara kita macam ni.. kita pun lawan habis2an...

no jobs..
tanah di ambil...
jews semakin banyak di tanah islam...

siapa lah yang tak marah..
simpati pada nasib mereka....



Sumber di bawah : http://aminilhusaini.blogspot.com/


Allahu Akhbar 3x

Masalah al-quds, Gaza....!!!
Bukan hanya masalah bangsa Palestin dan bangsa Arab sahaja!!!!

Tetap permasalahan sesama umat Islam!!!
di mana pun mereka berada!!!
Di belahan bumi utara... timur... selatan... dan juga barat!!!

Al-quds adalah qiblat pertama umat Islam!!!
Tempat lahirnya nabi-nabi pilihan!!!
Kota ke-tiga yang diberkati oleh Allah s.w.t!!!
Serta dijadikan arah jihad fisabilillah!!!

Kini al-quds telah dirampas oleh Yahudi lakhnatullahialaik!!!
Telah di yahudikan secara terang-terangan!!!
Dibantai... di usir... di siksa... serta masjid suci al-aqsa akan mereka robohkan!!!

Wahai umat Islam...!!!
Bangkitlah kalian...!!!
Sungguh telah tiba masa untuk berjihad...!!!
Gendang perang telah berulang...!!!
Panggilan jihad telah memanggil kamu...!!!
Al-Quds... Al-Aqsa... Gaza... Palestin...!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Takhbir 3x!!!!!


"Jika seluruh Umat Islam tidak pedulikan dan membantu kami di Palestin!!!. Maka tunggulah kalian kami akan mendakwa setiap orang daripada kamu di Padang Masyar kelak" - Rakyat Palestin.

baksamakmu

Kesimpulannya : kita mesti bunuh semua ISRAEL di muka bumi ini

nazurah

Tak adil nak bunuh semua Israel sebab kat Israel pun ada orang Arab Islam.

nazurah

Reply 13# Dzulqarnain

masa ni negara arab lain sedang apa ya?

Z77

orang arab pun salah satu puncanya gak....dulu nyer arab ganas2...

Dzulqarnain

Reply 17# nazurah

Sejak abad ke-16, dikatakan kegemilangan Barat (Eropah).
Dunia melalui zaman kolonial, dan Arab tdk terkecuali.
Begitu juga negara kita.

Pd waktu tu (1917), seluruh Arab berjaya dikoloni stlh kejatuhan Otoman.
Seluruh empayar besar dunia termasuk Eropah,
i.e. British, German, Russia, US, Japan, etc.
mempertahankn koloni mereka.
Keinginan Eropah menjatuhkn kerajaan Islam terakhir,
hanya utk menakluk Palestine utk Zionist,
dgn cara menarik semua kuasa² besar (termasuk Otoman),
melalui WWI.

Lihat progressnya:

BeasT

selama nie tau-tau cam tu je pasal negara israel...tau yang dia jajah negara org lain...tapi secara detail dia tak berapa tau....thank u for the info.