Peristiwa Dunia, Mitos & Sejarah

jarikuku

TODAY IN HISTORY - U.N. Charter Signed

In the Herbst Theater auditorium in San Francisco, delegates from 50 nations sign the United Nations Charter, establishing the world body as a means of saving "succeeding generations from the scourge of war." The Charter was ratified on October 24, and the first U.N. General Assembly met in London on January 10, 1946.

Despite the failure of the League of Nations in arbitrating the conflicts that led up to World War II, the Allies as early as 1941 proposed establishing a new international body to maintain peace in the postwar world. The idea of the United Nations began to be articulated in August 1941, when U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter, which proposed a set of principles for international collaboration in maintaining peace and security. Later that year, Roosevelt coined "United Nations" to describe the nations allied against the Axis powers--Germany, Italy, and Japan. The term was first officially used on January 1, 1942, when representatives of 26 Allied nations met in Washington, D.C., and signed the Declaration by the United Nations, which endorsed the Atlantic Charter and presented the united war aims of the Allies.

In October 1943, the major Allied powers--Great Britain, the United States, the USSR, and China--met in Moscow and issued the Moscow Declaration, which officially stated the need for an international organization to replace the League of Nations. That goal was reaffirmed at the Allied conference in Tehran in December 1943, and in August 1944 Great Britain, the United States, the USSR, and China met at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington, D.C., to lay the groundwork for the United Nations. Over seven weeks, the delegates sketched out the form of the world body but often disagreed over issues of membership and voting. Compromise was reached by the "Big Three"--the United States, Britain, and the USSR--at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, and all countries that had adhered to the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations were invited to the United Nations founding conference.

On April 25, 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organization convened in San Francisco with 50 nations represented. Three months later, during which time Germany had surrendered, the final Charter of the United Nations was unanimously adopted by the delegates. On June 26, it was signed. The Charter, which consisted of a preamble and 19 chapters divided into 111 articles, called for the U.N. to maintain international peace and security, promote social progress and better standards of life, strengthen international law, and promote the expansion of human rights. The principal organs of the U.N., as specified in the Charter, were the Secretariat, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Trusteeship Council.

On October 24, 1945, the U.N. Charter came into force upon its ratification by the five permanent members of the Security Council and a majority of other signatories. The first U.N. General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, opened in London on January 10, 1946. On October 24, 1949, exactly four years after the United Nations Charter went into effect, the cornerstone was laid for the present United Nations headquarters, located in New York City. Since 1945, the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded more than ten times to the United Nations and its organizations or to individual U.N. officials, most recently to both the organization as a whole and Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2001.

cikatilia

W.K. Clarkson patented an improved velocipede (bicycle)
On the 26th June, 1819, W.K. Clarkson received a patent for his improved velocipede, an early bicycle which was one of the first to have two wheels of similar size, and was propelled forward by pushing off with the feet against the ground.
http://www.thisdayintechnology.com/06/26/1819/wk-clarkson-patented-an-improved-velocipede-bicycle/.

1819-- W.K. Clarkson was granted a patent for improving the "bike": the rider was perched on a saddle cushion in the middle of a longitudinal bar over 2 equal sized wooden wheels held in iron forks with another leather cushion to lean upon while steering and propelling the machine with feet. Became very popular at this time among the wealthy in Germany, Britain, and the USA.




819-- W.K. Clarkson was granted a patent for improving the "bike": the rider was perched on a saddle cushion in the middle of a longitudinal bar over 2 equal sized wooden wheels held in iron forks with another leather cushion to lean upon while steering and propelling the machine with feet. Became very popular at this time among the wealthy in Germany, Britain, and the USA.

jarikuku

HARI INI DALAM SEJARAH - Sultan Ibrahim Merampas Semula Selangor Dari Belanda

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1785, Sultan Selangor, Sultan Ibrahim telah berjaya merampas semula negeri Selangor dari tangan Belanda. Kejayaan baginda ini dicapai dengan mendapat bantuan bala tentera Bendahara Abdul Majid dari Pahang dan Raja Haji yang berkuasa di Empayar Johor Riau iaitu bapa saudara kepada Sultan Ibrahim. Selangor mula dikuasai oleh Belanda pada bulan Ogos 1784. Kekalahan Sultan Selangor berpunca dari kekurangan bala tentera kerana tentera baginda telah ditugaskan membantu Raja Haji dalam peperangan mengusir penceroboh-penceroboh Belanda dari Empayar Johor - Riau. Pencerobohan Belanda di Empayar Johor - Riau telah melanggar perjanjian persahabatan di antara Raja Haji dengan pihak Belanda. Sebagai membalas tindakan Belanda, Raja Haji telah membatalkan perjanjian tersebut dan membantu Sultan Selangor memerangi penempatan-penempatan Belanda di Melaka. Dalam peperangan ini Belanda mengalami banyak kekalahan dan terpaksa menghadapi kesulitan mendapatkan bekalan makanan. Walaubagaimanapun peperangan ini terpaksa dihentikan kerana kematian Raja Haji dan beberapa orang pahlawan Bugis yang lain pada 18 Jun 1784. Sungguhpun demikian Sultan Ibrahim tidak berputus asa untuk mendapatkan semula Selangor dari tangan Belanda. Dengan bantuan Bendahara Pahang baginda telah menyusun semula segala bala tentera untuk menentang Belanda. Sultan Ibrahim dan Bendahara Abdul Majid akhirnya berjaya mengalahkan dan mengusir Belanda dari Selangor. Dengan kejayaan ini maka tamatlah pengaruh Belanda di Selangor dan Sultan Ibrahim berkuasa semula.

jarikuku

TODAY IN HISTORY - Medical Research Council has found smoking 'causes lung cancer'

The link between smoking and lung cancer is one of 'direct cause and effect', a special report by the Medical Research Council has found.
The report, published today, studied the dramatic increase in deaths from lung cancer over the past 25 years and concluded the main cause was smoking.
But tobacco firms have rejected the findings saying they are merely a 'matter of opinion'.
The government has indicated that an educational campaign to raise awareness on the dangers of smoking will be launched via local health authorities.

Shares unaffected

The report states that in 1945 the mortality rate from lung cancer was 188 deaths in every million. Ten years later the figure had almost doubled to 388 in every million.
The report, which looked at evidence from 21 investigations in six countries, found cigarette smoking to be the predominant cause for this rise.
Mr Vaughan-Morgan, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health said: "The government feels that it is right to ensure that this latest authoritative opinion is brought effectively to public notice, so that everyone may know the risks involved."
But he made it clear that people, armed with the facts, would be able to make up their own minds and smoking would not be banned.
The prohibition of smoking in theatres, cinemas and public transport is not on the agenda, he added.
It is estimated that between ￡600m and ￡620m in revenue is generated by the sale of cigarettes.
The Conservatives have questioned what alternative taxes the government would introduce to cover that figure should cigarette smoking now be eliminated.
Members of the general public, asked by the BBC for their reaction to the findings, appeared unphased.
One smoker said that, although he was not considering giving up smoking himself, he thought the younger generation would be well advised not to start.
Another man said he was "not frightened at all" by the findings and may even consider increasing the number of cigarettes he smokes each day.
These views were reflected on the stock market where shares in leading tobacco companies remained largely unaffected by the news.

jarikuku

TODAY IN HISTORY  - Continental Congress Votes For Independence

On this day in 1776, the Second Continental Congress, assembled in Philadelphia, formally adopts Richard Henry Lee's resolution for independence from Great Britain. The vote is unanimous, with only New York abstaining.

The resolution had originally been presented to Congress on June 7, but it soon became clear that New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and South Carolina were as yet unwilling to declare independence, though they would likely be ready to vote in favor of a break with England in due course. Thus, Congress agreed to delay the vote on Lees Resolution until July 1. In the intervening period, Congress appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration of independence. Its members were John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Robert R. Livingston of New York and Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. Thomas Jefferson, well-known to be the best writer of the group, was selected to be the primary author of the document, which was presented to Congress for review on June 28, 1776.

On July 1, 1776, debate on the Lee Resolution resumed as planned, with a majority of the delegates favoring the resolution. Congress thought it of the utmost importance that independence be unanimously proclaimed. To ensure this, they delayed the final vote until July 2, when 12 colonial delegations voted in favor of it, with the New York delegates abstaining, unsure of how their constituents would wish them to vote. John Adams wrote that July 2 would be celebrated as the most memorable epoch in the history of America. Instead, the day has been largely forgotten in favor of July 4, when Jeffersons edited Declaration of Independence was adopted.

jarikuku

HARI INI DALAM SEJARAH - Persidangan Raja-Raja Melayu Yang Pertama Selepas Merdeka

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1958, Persidangan Raja-raja Melayu yang pertama selepas merdeka telah diadakan di Istana Negara. Persidangan Majlis Raja-raja ini telah mencapai kata sepakat secara sebulat suara meluluskan penubuhan Pejabat-Pejabat Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam di Pulau Pinang dan Melaka. Pejabat ini dipertanggungjawabkan terhadap segala aktiviti berkaitan Ugama Islam dan perkembangnya di kedua-dua buah negeri tersebut. Perkara ini adalah selaras dengan peruntukan perlembagaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu yang meletakkan DYMM Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong sebagai Ketua Ugama Islam bagi negeri Pulau Pinang dan Melaka. Persidangan yang berlangsung ini juga telah meluluskan penubuhan Pertubuhan Kemajuan Tanah Persekutuan yang bertujuan untuk menaikkan taraf kehidupan golongan petani di kawasan luar bandar serta meningkatkan pengeluaran hasil pertanian. Selain daripada itu juga sebuah Jawatankuasa yang dipengerusikan oleh Encik Ahmad Perang telah dibentuk bagi mengkaji kemajuan-kemajuan yang telah dicapai oleh kaum bumiputra serta memperbaiki kedudukannya terutama dalam bidang perniagaan dan perusahaan. Sesungguhnya, Persidangan yang diadakan ini merupakan antara langkah awal dalam mengisi kemerdekaan negara.

jarikuku

HARI INI DALAM SEJARAH - Ikatan Relawan Rakyat Malaysia (RELA) Ditubuhkan

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1972, Ikatan Relawan Rakyat Malaysia (RELA) telah ditubuhkan di bawah Akta (Kuasa-kuasa Perlu) Darurat 1964 Peraturan-peraturan Perlu (Pasukan Kawalan) (Perubahan Nama dan Pindaan) 1964. Objektif penubuhan RELA ialah sebagai ”mata dan telinga” Kerajaan dari sudut penyampaian maklumat berkenaan kegiatan komunis dan militan serta jenayah dan memberi bantuan kepada pasukan polis mengatasinya. RELA juga diarah membantu mengawal keselamatan dan ketenteraan awam tempatan dan mengawal kawasan-kawasan pantai dan sempadan dalam usaha membantu pasukan keselamatan terhadap kegiatan penyeludupan dan kemasukan orang asing. Tugas-tugas RELA di atas adalah khusus bagi membantu pasukan keselamatan semasa aman. Manakala semasa darurat RELA akan membantu pasukan keselamatan dari sudut perisikan kegiatan musuh pada peringkat daerah atau kawasan-kawasan, menjaga pusat-pusat kawalan dan menolong pasukan keselamatan dalam gerakan-gerakan pemeriksaan dan pendaftaran penghuni di kawasan sensitif. Secara umumnya RELA adalah satu institusi yang telah diubahsuai nama dan fungsinya. Kalau dalam tahun 1948 dahulu ianya dikenali sebagai Pasukan Kawalan Kampong (Home Guard) tetapi nama dan fungsinya disusun semula atas arahan Tun Dr. Ismail pada 1 Januari 1972 dan pada 3 Julai 1972 lahirkan Ikatan Relawan Rakyat @ RELA. Penubuhan RELA pada hari ini dalam tahun 1972 adalah satu usaha baik pihak Kerajaan yang telah mengemaskinikan lagi institusi kawalan ini yang dikenali sebagai Ikatan Relawan Rakyat (RELA).

jarikuku

TODAY IN HISTORY - Khrushchev Consolidates His Power

Nikita Khrushchev takes control in the Soviet Union by orchestrating the ouster of his most serious opponents from positions of authority in the Soviet government. Khrushchev's action delighted the United States, which viewed him as a more moderate figure in the communist government of Russia.

Khrushchev had been jockeying for ultimate control in the Soviet Union since the death of long-time Russian dictator Joseph Stalin in March 1953. Following Stalin's demise, the Soviet Union was ruled by a 10-member presidium. Khrushchev was only one member of this presidium, but during the following four years he moved steadily to seize total control. In June 1957, Khrushchev survived an attempt by his political opponents to remove him from the government. In July, he had his revenge. Since 1953, he had worked tirelessly to gain allies in the Soviet military and to gain control of the all-important Communist Party apparatus. On July 3, 1957, his years of work paid off as he used his important political connections and alliances to remove the three main challengers to his authority. Vyacheslav Molotov, Georgi M. Malenkov, and Lazar Kaganovich were voted off the presidium and relegated to minor government positions. Khrushchev then reigned supreme, and ruled the Soviet Union until his own ouster in 1964.

In the United States, the news of Khrushchev's "housecleaning" was greeted with optimism. Malenkov and Molotov, in particular, had been viewed as communist "hard-liners" in the Stalinist mold. Khrushchev, on the other hand, was seen as a "moderate" who might be receptive to a more amenable relationship with the United States. In the coming years, U.S. officials were often disappointed with the newest Soviet leader, who seemed to vacillate between warm words about "peaceful coexistence" between the United States and the Soviet Union and aggressive talk about "burying" the capitalist system. Khrushchev's power began seriously to wane in 1962. Many Soviet officials characterized his behavior as "cowardly" during the October 1962 missile crisis in Cuba and he was pushed from power in 1964. Leonid Brezhnev succeeded Nikita Khrushchev.

novelloverzz

jarikuku posted on 3-7-2013 11:16 AM
TODAY IN HISTORY - Khrushchev Consolidates His Power

Nikita Khrushchev takes control in the Sovie ...

ada buka vote utk banner kat bod teka-teki, jarikuku dah singgah?

jarikuku

novelloverzz posted on 3-7-2013 11:28 AM
ada buka vote utk banner kat bod teka-teki, jarikuku dah singgah?

ye ke momod nov??
iols tak tahu pun..
nak link dear

jarikuku

momod @novelloverzz iols dah nmpk thread tu..
taceh momod

novelloverzz

jarikuku posted on 3-7-2013 11:34 AM
momod @novelloverzz iols dah nmpk thread tu..
taceh momod

sama2

cikatilia

1844 – The last pair of Great Auks is killed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Auk

The Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis) was a large, flightless bird of the alcid family that became extinct in the mid-19th century. It was the only modern species in the genus Pinguinus, a group of birds that formerly included one other species of flightless giant auk from the Atlantic Ocean region. It bred on rocky, isolated islands with easy access to the ocean and a plentiful food supply, a rarity in nature that provided only a few breeding sites for the auks. When not breeding, the auks spent their time foraging in the waters of the North Atlantic, ranging as far south as northern Spain through Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Norway, Ireland, and Great Britain.



On 3 July 1844, the last two confirmed specimens were killed on Eldey, off the coast of Iceland, which also eliminated the last known breeding attempt. There are unconfirmed later reports of roaming individuals being seen or caught. A record of a bird in 1852 is considered by some to be the last sighting of the species. The Great Auk is mentioned in a number of novels and the scientific journal of the American Ornithologists' Union is named The Auk in honour of this bird.

cikatilia

Valencia Metro derailment
The Valencia Metro derailment occurred in Valencia, Spain's third largest city, on July 3, 2006, at 1 p.m. CEST[1] (1100 UTC) between Jesús and Plaça d'Espanya stations on the Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system. At least 43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured.[2]

El País reports that Valencian forensic scientists have identified all but one of the victims — a woman whose family has not claimed her. Twenty-one of the victims were from Torrent, a locality seven kilometres from Valencia and the train's destination. Five more victims were from the city of Valencia itself, and two were from Paiporta, which is also nearby.[3]
It was not immediately clear what caused the crash, which occurred at a curve just outside of Jesús station. However, data from the train's black box showed that the train's speed at the derailment point was 80 km/h (50 mph), which means it was travelling at twice the normal 40 km/h speed for this curve.[4]
Defective wheels or the possible collapse of a tunnel wall were also being considered as possible causes. Both the Valencian government spokesman Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá have called the accident a "chance" event. However, the trade union CC.OO. has accused the authorities of "rushing" to say anything but admit that Line 1 is in a state of "constant deterioration" with a "failure to carry out maintenance".[5]
It has been reported that a part of the wall in the tunnel between Plaça d'Espanya and Jesús stations in the southwestern neighbourhood of Patraix may have collapsed, causing the derailment of one of the carriages, which in turn caused the carriage behind it to overturn.
The fire brigade, medics and local police went to the scene after a passenger in the crashed train called the emergency services at about 1:03 p.m. (1103 UTC).
The incident came days before Pope Benedict XVI was due to visit Valencia for the World Meeting of the Families, attended by one million pilgrims. It also coincided with the end to one of the pre-America's Cup 2007 match racings. Both events led to an increase in tourists in the area. The Pope offered his condolences and prayed at Jesús station, the scene of the accident.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_Metro_derailment
http://www.typicallyspanish.com/spain-news/blanca/The_prosecution_has_reopened_the_Valencia_Metro_accident_case.shtml

novelloverzz

cikatilia posted on 3-7-2013 08:47 PM
1844 – The last pair of Great Auks is killed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Auk

sapa yg bengong gi bunuh Auk neh?

novelloverzz

cikatilia posted on 3-7-2013 09:00 PM
Valencia Metro derailment
The Valencia Metro derailment occurred in Valencia, Spain's third largest ...

ramainya yg terbunuh kira human error gak la kan? over speeding..salah satu pasal..

jarikuku

HARI INI DALAM SEJARAH - Inggeris Menyerang Kuala Selangor

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1871, angkatan perang Inggeris telah menyerang dan membedil pekan Kuala Selangor. Penyerangan ke atas Kuala Selangor ini adalah ekoran dari peristiwa 14 Jun 1871, apabila sebuah tongkang dari Pulau Pinang telah diserang dan disamun oleh lanun-lanun Cina dari Kuala Selangor. Penyerangan ini telah menyebabkan kematian seramai 34 orang. Tongkang tersebut telah dibawa oleh lanun-lanun itu ke Kuala Selangor, tempat kediaman Raja Mahadi. Peristiwa ini telah dilaporkan kepada Inggeris di Pulau Pinang yang kemudiannya telah menghantar kapal Kerajaan Negeri-negeri Selat iaitu H.M.S. Rinaldo dan Pluto untuk menangkap saki baki lanun tersebut. Pada 3 Julai, rombongan ini telah sampai ke Kuala Selangor dan telah menemui Syed Mashhur, Raja Mahmud dan Raja Mahadi. Semasa perjumpaan ini, telah berlaku pertengkaran antara kedua mana belah pihak, dimana seorang ahli rombongan Inggeris telah terbunuh dan enam orang cedera. Hal ini telah memaksa Inggeris menyerang kota dan pekan Selangor pada hari ini. Serangan bermula pada pukul 4.45 pagi, apabila kapal perang Rinaldo yang memudiki Sungai Selangor telah ditembak dengan meriam-meriam dari kota di Kuala Selangor. Maka berlakulah tembak menembak dari kota -dua belah pihak, di mana tiga orang askar pihak Inggeris telah mengalami kecederaan. Walau bagaimanapun, kapal Rinaldo terus mudik dan berlabuh di pekan Kuala Selangor pada pukul 6.30 pagi dan terus membedil lagi pekan tersebut. Dua hari kemudian, pada 6 Julai, kapal Rinaldo bersama-sama Pluto datang semula menyerang Kuala Selangor dan membinasakan kubu, lima buah perahu yang muat senjata dan rumah-rumah yang ada di situ. Setelah memusnahkan harta benda tersebut, kapal Rinaldo dan Pluto belayar meninggalkan Kuala Selangor.

jarikuku

TODAY IN HISTORY - U.S. Declares Independence


In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence, which proclaims the independence of the United States of America from Great Britain and its king. The declaration came 442 days after the first volleys of the American Revolution were fired at Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts and marked an ideological expansion of the conflict that would eventually encourage France's intervention on behalf of the Patriots.

The first major American opposition to British policy came in 1765 after Parliament passed the Stamp Act, a taxation measure to raise revenues for a standing British army in America. Under the banner of "no taxation without representation," colonists convened the Stamp Act Congress in October 1765 to vocalize their opposition to the tax. With its enactment in November, most colonists called for a boycott of British goods, and some organized attacks on the customhouses and homes of tax collectors. After months of protest in the colonies, Parliament voted to repeal the Stamp Act in March 1766.

Most colonists continued to quietly accept British rule until Parliament's enactment of the Tea Act in 1773, a bill designed to save the faltering East India Company by greatly lowering its tea tax and granting it a monopoly on the American tea trade. The low tax allowed the East India Company to undercut even tea smuggled into America by Dutch traders, and many colonists viewed the act as another example of taxation tyranny. In response, militant Patriots in Massachusetts organized the "Boston Tea Party," which saw British tea valued at some 18,000 pounds dumped into Boston Harbor.

Parliament, outraged by the Boston Tea Party and other blatant acts of destruction of British property, enacted the Coercive Acts, also known as the Intolerable Acts, in 1774. The Coercive Acts closed Boston to merchant shipping, established formal British military rule in Massachusetts, made British officials immune to criminal prosecution in America, and required colonists to quarter British troops. The colonists subsequently called the first Continental Congress to consider a united American resistance to the British.

With the other colonies watching intently, Massachusetts led the resistance to the British, forming a shadow revolutionary government and establishing militias to resist the increasing British military presence across the colony. In April 1775, Thomas Gage, the British governor of Massachusetts, ordered British troops to march to Concord, Massachusetts, where a Patriot arsenal was known to be located. On April 19, 1775, the British regulars encountered a group of American militiamen at Lexington, and the first shots of the American Revolution were fired.

Initially, both the Americans and the British saw the conflict as a kind of civil war within the British Empire: To King George III it was a colonial rebellion, and to the Americans it was a struggle for their rights as British citizens. However, Parliament remained unwilling to negotiate with the American rebels and instead purchased German mercenaries to help the British army crush the rebellion. In response to Britain's continued opposition to reform, the Continental Congress began to pass measures abolishing British authority in the colonies.

In January 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense, an influential political pamphlet that convincingly argued for American independence and sold more than 500,000 copies in a few months. In the spring of 1776, support for independence swept the colonies, the Continental Congress called for states to form their own governments, and a five-man committee was assigned to draft a declaration.

The Declaration of Independence was largely the work of Virginian Thomas Jefferson. In justifying American independence, Jefferson drew generously from the political philosophy of John Locke, an advocate of natural rights, and from the work of other English theorists. The first section features the famous lines, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." The second part presents a long list of grievances that provided the rationale for rebellion.

On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted to approve a Virginia motion calling for separation from Britain. The dramatic words of this resolution were added to the closing of the Declaration of Independence. Two days later, on July 4, the declaration was formally adopted by 12 colonies after minor revision. New York approved it on July 19. On August 2, the declaration was signed.

The American War for Independence would last for five more years. Yet to come were the Patriot triumphs at Saratoga, the bitter winter at Valley Forge, the intervention of the French, and the final victory at Yorktown in 1781. In 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris with Britain, the United States formally became a free and independent nation.

cikatilia

novelloverzz posted on 4-7-2013 11:49 AM
sapa yg bengong gi bunuh Auk neh?

sedih sebenarnya baca kisah org yang terbunuh last 2 auk tu..
mcm bangang.. jap i tempek..

Goodbye Great Aukby John Kuti

In those days, people still lived on the islands of Saint Kilda. Two men from the village went out on the rock. They found a big strange bird. It was sleeping. They decided to bring it home to the village.

Far out into the ocean to the north and west of Britain are the cold wild islands of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. They make a line of beautiful beaches 150 miles long. Further west is the small group of islands called Saint Kilda. They are cold and wild too, but without beaches. The islands are tall volcanic rocks hundreds of metres high.

For thousands of years, people lived on these islands. In 1930 the last people, there were only 36 of them, had a meeting and decided to leave. The biggest island in the group is called Hirta. Sheep still live there without any people. When you arrive by boat, you see very tall black rocks all around. Some big rocks make their own small islands. This true story happened on the tallest of the rocks – “Stac An Armin” in 1840.

In those days, people still lived on the islands of Saint Kilda. Their stone houses were all in one village by the ocean at the bottom of a tall dark hill. The houses only had one room – for people and sheep, which used to live with them in the winter and spring. Two men from the village, McDonald and McKinnon, were on the rock. It was their work to collect birds – some for food, some to make shoes or hats with. Some dead birds they put in the earth to help their vegetables grow. They found one strange big bird. It was sleeping. They decided to bring it home to the village.

I think people in the village were interested in the bird. We now know that this was a Great Auk, a kind of swimming bird that lived in many parts of the North Atlantic. It was big and strong and had a loud cry. They began to talk with the other people in the village about what they should do with it. After two days, the weather got worse and then there was a terrible storm. The people in the village decided that this was because of the bird and they killed it. This was the last example of the Great Auk in Britain. Four years later, the last Great Auk in the world died in Iceland.

We know the Great Auk died out because of people. But where did the people of Saint Kilda go? This is more difficult to explain. Some say that they were bored living on the island so far from modern cities. Other people think that the problem was tourists, who began to visit Saint Kilda at the end of the 19th century. A new theory says that using too many dead birds as fertilizer made their food unhealthy. I think it was a mistake to kill the auk.

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/magazine-articles/goodbye-great-auk

cikatilia

Casey Anthony Found Not Guilty of Murder
5th July, 2011 : Accused murder Casey Anthony, a 25 year old single mother, was found not guilty of murdering her two year old daughter Caylee in 2008. The case and subsequent trial had captured the US's attention after Caylee's body had been found near the family home in Florida six months after she had gone missing. The prosecution stated Casey Anthony killed her child because she wanted to party, however conflicting reports and lack of evidence weakened the prosecution's case. Casey Anthony was found guilty on four counts of lying to the police.


caylee anthony


casey anthony the mother

Caylee Marie Anthony (August 9, 2005 – 2008) was a two-year-old American girl who lived in Orlando, Florida with her mother, Casey Marie Anthony, and her maternal grandparents, George and Cindy Anthony. On July 15, 2008, she was reported missing to 9-1-1 by Cindy, who said she had not seen Caylee for 31 days and that Casey's car smelled like a dead body had been inside it. Cindy said Casey had given varied explanations as to Caylee's whereabouts before finally telling her that she had not seen Caylee for weeks.[1] Casey told detectives several falsehoods, including that the child had been kidnapped by a nanny on June 9, and that she had been trying to find her, too frightened to alert the authorities.[2] She was charged with first degree murder in October 2008 and pleaded not guilty.
On December 11, 2008, Caylee's skeletal remains were found with a blanket inside a trash bag in a wooded area near the family home.[3][4] Investigative reports and trial testimony alternated between duct tape being found near the front of the skull[5] and on the mouth of the skull.[3][6][7][8] The medical examiner mentioned duct tape as one reason she ruled the death a homicide, but officially listed it as "death by undetermined means".[9]
The trial lasted six weeks, from May to July 2011. The prosecution sought the death penalty[10] and alleged Casey murdered her daughter to free herself from parental responsibilities by administering chloroform and applying duct tape. The defense team, led by Jose Baez, countered that the child had drowned accidentally in the family's swimming pool on June 16, 2008, and that George Anthony disposed of the body. The defense contended that Casey lied about this and other issues because of a dysfunctional upbringing, which they said included sexual abuse by her father. The defense did not present evidence as to how Caylee died, nor evidence that Casey was sexually abused as a child,[11] but challenged every piece of the prosecution's evidence, calling much of it "fantasy forensics".[12] Casey did not testify. On July 5, 2011, the jury found Casey not guilty of first degree murder, aggravated child abuse, and aggravated manslaughter of a child, but guilty of four misdemeanor counts of providing false information to a law enforcement officer.[13] With credit for time served, she was released on July 17, 2011. A Florida appeals court overturned two of the misdemeanor convictions on January 25, 2013.[14][15]
The not guilty murder verdict was greeted with public outrage, and was both attacked and defended by media and legal commentators. Some complained that the jury misunderstood the meaning of reasonable doubt,[16] while others said the prosecution relied too heavily on the defendant's allegedly poor moral character because they had been unable to show conclusively how the victim had died.[17] Time magazine described the case as "the social media trial of the century".[18]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Caylee_Anthony
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Casey_Anthony_case

Casey Anthony Trial: Not Guilty Murder Verdict
Casey Anthony has been found not guilty of murdering her 2-year-old daughter Caylee. The jury declined to convict her of either first degree murder or manslaughter.

Instead, the jurors found Casey Anthony guilty on four counts of providing false information to law enforcement, which are misdemeanors. It's possible she could be released from prison later this week.

Clutching the hand of her defense attorney Jose Baez, Casey Anthony began to sob as the verdict was read. The rest of her defense team stood beside her, also clutching hands. She thanked Baez as she was swarmed by the defense team.

Her parents, Cindy and George Anthony, left the courtroom as Judge Belvin Perry read further instructions to the jury and did not approach their daughter.

They later released a statement saying, "Despite the baseless defense chosen by Casey Anthony, the family believes that the Jury made a fair decision based on the evidence presented, the testimony presented, the scientific information presented and the rules that were given to them by the Honorable Judge Perry to guide them."

Full Statement by George and Cindy Anthony

The jury, comprised of seven women and five men, declined to talk to the media following the verdict.

Casey Anthony, who sat grim faced throughout the six weeks of testimony, beamed happily as she was fingerprinted in the courtroom for her misdemeanor convictions.

Sentencing on the guilty counts will be held on 9 a.m. Thursday. The maximum sentence applicable in this case is four years, but having already served two and a half years behind bars, Casey Anthony stands to serve one and a half years.

It is also possible that Judge Belvin Perry rules that Casey Anthony could serve the years concurrently, which would set her free. Casey Anthony could be let out on bail before her Thursday sentencing if the defense asks for it and the judge agrees.

In a press conference after the verdict, defense attorney Cheney Mason railed at the media for their wall-to-wall coverage of the trial, remarking that it was "media assassination" filled with "bias and prejudice and incompetent talking heads."

In a more tempered statement, Baez said, "While we're happy for Casey, there are no winners in this case. Caylee has passed on far, far too soon."

"What my driving force has been for the past three years has been always to make sure that there has been justice for Caylee and Casey because Casey did not murder Caylee. It's that simple," said Baez. "And today, our system of justice has not dishonored her memory by a false conviction."

"I'm very happy for Casey, I'm ecstatic for her and I want her to be able to grieve and grow and somehow get life back together," said Baez.

Prosecutor Jeff Ashton, who had entered the courtroom to roaring applause, sat shaking his head after the verdict. Ashton declined to speak after the trial, but the state attorney's office announced that Ashton had promptly retired.

Outside the courtroom, spectators screamed "Lord!" as the learned of the not guilty ruling. People comforted each other and cried, one man remarking that Casey Anthony should leave town because she's not welcome in Orlando.

One woman said, "[The verdict] is going to make millions of people think they can get away with killing their child...That isn't a good depiction of what our justice system is like or should be."

Another woman: "I just think it's going to make millions of people think they can get away with killing their child or committing major crimes and getting away with it. This isn't a good depiction of what our justice system is like or should be.

In New York's Times Square, the reaction to the verdict was emotional.

"I'm sick, you know, she killed a little girl," said Susan McDougal. "So she gets off and she goes home and maybe has another baby that she can abuse and hurt."

Law enforcement officials roped off a door where Cindy and George Anthony were expected to exit out of, and bystanders chanted "Appeal! Appeal!" and "justice for Caylee."
At the heart of the case was Casey Anthony's fantastic lie that a babysitter named Zenaida, referred to in court as "Zanny the nanny," had stolen Caylee Anthony.

Prosecutors claimed that Casey Anthony killed her daughter by drugging Caylee with chloroform and suffocating her with duct tape over her mouth and nose. She killed Caylee, prosecutor Jeff Ashton claimed in his closing argument, because Casey Anthony had to choose between her child and "the life she wanted."
"We submit to you the evidence in this case shows that the choice she made was her child," Ashton said.

Lawyers for Casey Anthony, who never took the stand, admitted on the first day of the trial that the 25-year-old single mother had made up a complex web of lies. Defense attorney Jose Baez said that the truth was that Caylee had accidentally drowned in the family pool and instead of reporting her death, Casey "went into a dark corner, to pretend as if nothing was wrong."

Baez said Casey Anthony behaved that way because she had been "trained to lie" through years of sexual abuse by her father. Judge Belvin Perry ruled, however, that there was no evidence that Casey Anthony was abused by her father and ordered that it not be mentioned in closing arguments.

The prosecution was hampered in its case by the fact that Caylee's body, found in a swamp six months after she disappeared, was so badly deteriorated that the medical examiner could not determine exactly how she died. Caylee's cause of death was listed as a "homicide of undetermined means."

Intent on proving duct tape could have killed the toddler, the defense showed the jury a controversial video that showed a smiling Caylee morphing into a skull with duct tape on it.

Prosecutors built a case of circumstantial evidence that documented how Casey Anthony moved in with her boyfriend Tony Lazzaro shortly after Caylee disappeared, partied at clubs, took part in a "hot body" contest, and got the phrase "bella vita" -- or beautiful life -- tattoed on her shoulder in the month after Caylee died and while her mother was pretending she was still alive.

As her lies unraveled, it became apparent that Casey Anthony had created a fictional world in which she made up a job at Universal Studios and a dozen people who were friends, co-workers, lovers, babysitters and even Caylee's playmates.

Jurors watched hours of jailhouse tapes in which Casey Anthony elaborated on her lie about the babysitter, offering extensive details about this fictional nanny.

Much of the case turned on forensic evidence found in the trunk of Casey Anthony's Pontiac Sunfire. Prosecutors brought in experts in the arcane specialty of the smell of death to prove that an odor in the trunk of Casey Anthony's car was that of human decomposition. Casey Anthony's lawyers argued that the foul smell in Casey Anthony's car trunk was from rotting garbage, not a rotting body.

An FBI hair and fiber analyst testified that a lone piece of hair in the trunk belonged to Caylee and showed post-mortem banding, what prosecutors said was proof that a dead body had been in the car.

The prosecution also claimed that Casey Anthony used the family computer to visit a site on how to make chloroform 84 times.

Baez countered by arguing that the state's case was based on untried and unproven forensic theories, what Baez dismissed as "fantasy forensics."

He shocked the courtroom when he called Cindy Anthony, Casey Anthony's mother, to testify in her daughter's defense and take responsibility for some of the chloroform searches. The computer searches were key to the prosecution's claims of premeditated murder, an essential element for first degree murder and the possibility of the death penalty.

When the prosecution attempted to impeach Cindy Anthony's testimony by presenting evidence that she was lying, Baez said in closing arguments, "I told you she was a liar the first day."

The trial exposed supposed secrets of a fractured Anthony family and shocked spectators with allegations of incest and a cover-up. Baez attempted to display a dysfunctional family where lying was rampant.

He played on the emotions of Lee Anthony, Casey Anthony's brother, by having him describe his frustration with his family hiding Casey Anthony's pregnancy with Caylee. He also attempted to cast shadow on Lee Anthony with allegations that he molested his sister.

Baez also attempted to make George Anthony into a villain.

The defense argued that Caylee drowned in the family pool and her body was found by George Anthony, who then helped dispose of Caylee's body. The lawyer contended that George Anthony used his experience as a former police detective to deflect any suspicion away from himself and on to his daughter.

An alleged mistress of George Anthony testified that he described Caylee's disappeareance as an "accident that snowballed out of control." George Anthony denied having an affair with the woman.

A raw George Anthony sobbed about attempting to take his own life in January 2009, weeks after Caylee's remains were discovered. The prosecution attempted to show that it proved George Anthony had nothing to do with his granddaugther's death. The defense used it as proof of the extent of George Anthony's selfishness.

Baez also attempted to inject doubt into the reliability of the evidence on Caylee's body by accusing meter reader Roy Kronk, who found it, of being a "morally bankrupt" person who moved the body and placed it near the Anthony home so he could collect the reward.

When Kronk testified, he told the court he called police several times about what he saw before they succeeded in finding Caylee's skeletal remains.

The testimony wasn't the only thing to shock the courtroom. Verbal sparring between Baez and prosecutor Ashton led to threats by Judge Perry of expulsion from the court and lengthy sidebars.

ABC News' Lauren Pearle and Erin Keohane contributed to this report.


R.i.P.. caylee..