Peristiwa Dunia, Mitos & Sejarah

gerbera.memopad

Tarikh Peristiwa pada 02-12-1989

Pada  hari  ini  dalam  tahun 1989,  telah  berlangsung  upacara  menandatangani  perjanjian  diantara  Kerajaan  Malaysia  dan  Parti  Komunis  Malaya (PKM).  Peristiwa  bersejarah  ini  telah  berlangsung  di  Haadyai,  Thailand  bagi  menamatkan  permusuhan  dan  kegiatan  bersenjata  PKM.Pada  masa  yang sama  juga satu perjanjian  berasingan  telah  ditandatangani  di  antara  Kerajaan  Thailand  dan  Parti  Komunis  Malaya.  

Perjanjian  yang  termeterai  ini  telah  mewujudkan  perdamaian  dan  keamanan  demi  keselamatan,  kestabilan  dan  kemakmuran  kedua-dua  buah  negara  dengan  tamatnya  permusuhan  dan  kegiatan kegiatan  bersenjata  oleh  Parti  Komunis  Malaya.  Perdana  Menteri,  Datuk  Seri  Dr.  Mahathir  Mohamad  dalam  kenyataannya  menyatakan  bahawa  dengan perjanjian  ini,  kerajaan  berharap  berakhirlah  ancaman  terhadap  keselamatan  negara  yang  berpunca  daripada  PKM .

Berikutan  itu  kerajaan  bolehlah  menumpukan  usaha  dan  tenaga ke  arah  membangunkan  ekonomi  dan  taraf  hidup  rakyat  dengan  lebih  pesat  dan  gigih.  Sesungguhnya,  perjanjian  ini  besar  maknanya buat negara,  ini  kerana tamatlah  permusuhan dan  kegiatan-kegiatan  bersenjata  oleh  Parti  Komunis Malaya  yang  telah  berjalan  semenjak  41  tahun  yang  lampau.


Sumber: Arkib Negara Malaysia

qasehnuramy

Tarikh Peristiwa pada 03-12-1896

Pada  hari  ini  dalam  tahun  1896,  Undang-Undang  mengenai  Nilai Wang Kertas  di Negeri-Negeri  Selat  telah  diumumkan. Pengumuman  ini  dibuat  bagi  mengatasi  masalah  berkaitan  dengan   penggunaan unit kewangan  nilai  matawang  dan penawaran  wang  yang  dikawal  oleh nilai 'Sterling'.   Matawang  ‘Dolar’  telah  diterima  secara  rasminya  sebagai  unit  kewangan di Negeri-Negeri Selat  dan  Tanah  Jajahan  British  yang  lain  pada tahun 1867.  Berikutan  itu  satu  syor  dan  cadangan  telah  dibuat  oleh  Perbendaharaan  British  agar  pihak  kerajaan  mengeluarkan  wang  kertas.  Namun  begitu,  cadangan  tersebut  yang  dimajukan  kepada  Majlis  Perundangan  telah  mendapat  tentangan  daripada  bank-bank  yang  juga  diberi  hak  untuk  mengeluarkan  wang.   Berikutan   daripada   pelbagai    masalah  yang  timbul  dan  bantahan  yang  diterima,  akhirnya  Majlis  Perundangan  telah  mencapai  keputusan  untuk  mengeluarkan  wang  kertas  di  Negeri-Negeri  Selat  yang  dikawal  selia  oleh  pihak  kerajaan.  Sesungguhnya Undang-Undang Wang Kertas Negeri-Negeri Selat yang diumumkan pada hari ini dalam tahun 1896 telah berjaya dilaksanakan di Negeri-Negeri Selat.

qasehnuramy

03-12-1986

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1986, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan telah melancarkan Program Pengukuran Produktiviti. Program ini telah dilancarkan oleh Ketua Setiausaha Kementerian iaitu Dato’ Abu Bakar Haji Said bertempat di Bilik Mesyuarat Utama Kementerian. Program tersebut melibatkan semua jabatan yang terletak di bawah Kementerian Kebudayaan seperti Arkib Negara, Muzium Negara, Perpustakaan Negara dan Majlis Sukan Negara. Antara perancangan yang dijalankan bagi menjayakan progam tersebut adalah seperti penilaian semula keseluruhan organisasi dari segi output satu-satu jabatan, pameran yang berkaitan dengan produktiviti dan kursus-kursus fasilitator berkenaan dengan produktiviti. Lagu `Nilai Jasa’ merupakan lagu yang perlu dinyanyikan semasa perhimpunan bulanan bagi menjiwai budaya produktiviti. Sehingga kini, perancangan yang telah dilakukan oleh jabatan-jabatan kerajaan telah berjaya menghasilkan keluaran ataupun produktiviti yang semakin baik. Sesungguhnya, usaha-usaha untuk meningkatkan program produktiviti semakin giat dilaksanakan seiring dengan hasrat kerajaan untuk menjadikan  Jabatan Kerajaan di Malaysia sebagai contoh kepada perkhidmatan awam di seluruh dunia.

qasehnuramy

Tarikh Peristiwa pada 03-12-1958

Pada hari ini 3.12.1958, telah berlangsung Persidangan Belanjawan Majlis Mesyuarat Undangan Persekutuan buat kali yang terakhir. Ini kerana pada tahun 1959 ianya bukan lagi dikenali sebagai Majlis Mesyuarat Undangan Persekutuan tetapi akan diganti dengan sebuah Parlimen yang mempunyai dua dewan iaitu Dewan Negara dan Dewan Rakyat. Persidangan belanjawan yang terakhir bagi Majlis Mesyuarat Undangan Persekutuan ini telah dirasmikan oleh Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di Pertuan Agong. Dalam titah ucapan perasmian tersebut Seri Paduka telah menyeru rakyat Persekutuan Tanah Melayu supaya membantu Kerajaan dalam memajukan masyarakat dan negara. Seri Paduka juga menyentuh tentang kejayaan-kejayaan yang telah dicapai melalui majlis tersebut. Dan apabila ia digantikan dengan Parlimen kelak baginda berharap negara akan mencapai kejayaan lebih besar lagi. Oleh itu baginda sekali lagi menyeru rakyat supaya terus membantu kerajaan dalam memelihara keamanan negeri khususnya dalam membenteras masalah komunis. Dalam bidang ini juga Menteri kewangan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu Sir Henry H.S. Lee telah membentangkan belanjawan bagi tahun 1959, selepas titah ucapan perasmian oleh Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di Pertuan Agong itu. Dengan sidang belanjawan terakhir bagi Majlis Mesyuarat Undangan Persekutuan ini pada hari ini dalam tahun 1958 akan membawa perubahan baru dalam sistem pentadbiran negara di mana dalam tahun 1959 Parlimen akan diwujudkan bagi menggantikan majlis tersebut.

azrain98

6/12/2008

The 2008 Greek riots started on 6 December 2008, when Alexandros Grigoropoulos (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Γρηγορόπουλος), a 15-year-old student, was killed by two policemen[1] in Exarcheia district of central Athens.[2] The murder of a young student by police resulted in large protests and demonstrations, which escalated to widespread rioting, with numerous rioters damaging property and engaging riot police with Molotov cocktails, stones and other objects. Demonstrations and rioting soon spread to several other cities, including Thessaloniki, the country's second-largest city. Outside Greece, solidarity demonstrations, riots and, in some cases, clashes with local police also took place in more than 70 cities around the world,[3] including London, Paris, Brussels, Rome, Dublin, Berlin, Frankfurt, Madrid, Barcelona, Amsterdam, The Hague, Copenhagen, Bordeaux, Cologne, Seville as well as Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, and the western Cypriot city of Paphos.[4] In cities far away from Athens, solidarity often was expressed as a peaceful informational protest, for example Sao Paulo,[5] it proved that people could spread the news around the globe, from San Francisco to Wellington and Buenos Aires to Siberia.[6] Newspaper Kathimerini called the rioting "the worst Greece has seen since the restoration of democracy in 1974".[7]

While the unrest was triggered by the shooting incident, commentators[8] described the reactions as expressing deeper causes as well, especially a widespread feeling of frustration in the younger generation about specific economic problems of the country (partly as a result of the global economic crisis), a rising unemployment rate among the young generation and a perception of general inefficiency and corruption in Greek state institutions.

punkerzoe

Dec 6, 2005:
Brokeback Mountain premieres

                On this day in 2005, Brokeback Mountain, starring Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal as a pair of cowboys who meet as sheep herders in Wyoming in 1963 and begin a romantic relationship that endures for two decades, premieres in New York City. Helmed by the Taiwanese director Ang Lee, the movieearned eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Actor (Ledger) and Best Supporting Actor (Gyllenhaal), and took home three Oscars, including Best Director. Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana shared a Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar for Brokeback Mountain, which was based on a 1997 short story by Annie Proulx. In addition to its awards, the film did well at the box-office. However, some groups criticized Brokeback Mountain for its portrayal of a same-sex relationship, and one theater owner in Utah backed out on an agreement to show the film.


  Brokeback Mountain marked Heath Ledger’s first Academy Award-nominated performance. The actor, who was born on April 4, 1979, in Perth, Australia, appeared in Australian television shows and films as a teenager and had his first Hollywood hit with 1999’s 10 Things I Hate About You. Ledger followed up on that film with roles in The Patriot and Monster’s Ball (both 2000) before headlining a string of poorly reviewed box-office duds, including A Knight’s Tale (2001), The Four Feathers (2002), Ned Kelly (2003) and The Brothers Grimm (2003). Following the breakout success of Brokeback Mountain, Ledger went on to play one of several incarnations of the music icon Bob Dylan in 2007’s I’m Not There. On January 22, 2008, Ledger, then only 28 years old, was found dead in his New York City apartment from an accidental prescription-drug overdose. He had recently completed filming on The Dark Knight, the fifth film in the big-screen Batman series. That film opened in theaters on July 18, 2008, beating out the previous record-holder, 2007’s Spiderman 3, to score the highest-grossing weekend of any movie in history (some $158 million). Critics specifically singled out Ledger’s portrayal of Batman’s nemesis, The Joker, as one of the film’s strongest aspects.


  Ledger was survived by his young daughter Matilda, who was born in 2005 to Ledger’s then-fiancee, Michelle Williams, who played the wife of his Brokeback Mountain character Ennis Del Mar. Matilda’s godfather is Jake Gyllenhaal. Brokeback Mountain also marked the first Oscar nomination for Gyllenhaal, who was born on December 19, 1980. The actor made his big-screen debut in 1991’s City Slickers, in which he played the son of Billy Crystal’s character, and went on to appear in such films as October Sky (1999), Donnie Darko (1999), The Good Girl (2002), The Day After Tomorrow (2004), Jarhead (2005), Zodiac (2007) and Rendition (2007).

source: http://www.history.com/this-day- ... -mountain-premieres

              

azrain98

7 December 1988

Spitak earthquake

The Spitak Earthquake (also called Leninakan Earthquake and Gyumri Earthquake) occurred in the northern region of Armenia (then part of the Soviet Union) on Wednesday, December 7, 1988 at 11:41 local time (07:41 UTC). The earthquake measured 6.8 on the surface wave magnitude scale and had a maximum perceived intensity of X (Devastating) on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale. The region that the earthquake occurred is vulnerable to occasional large and destructive earthquakes and is part of a larger active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps to the Himalayas. Activity in the area is associated with tectonic plate boundary interaction and the source of the event was a slip of a thrust fault just to the north of Spitak.

Seismologists thoroughly studied the effects of the event including the mainshock and aftershock fault rupture mechanisms and were on site setting up temporary seismometers before the end of 1988. Earthquake engineering experts scrutinized building construction styles and found fault in the poorly constructed apartments and other buildings that were built during the Era of Stagnation under the rule of Leonid Brezhnev. The cities of Spitak, Leninakan (Gyumri), and Kirovakan (Vanadzor) were greatly affected with exceptionally large losses of life and damaging to devastating effects to buildings and other structures. A number of the smaller outlying villages away from the larger population centers were also severely affected.

Despite the tensions of the Cold War, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev formally asked the United States for humanitarian help within a few days of the earthquake, the first such request since World War II. One hundred and thirteen countries sent substantial amounts of humanitarian aid to the Soviet Union in the form of rescue equipment, search teams and medical supplies, but private donations and assistance from non-governmental organizations also had a large part of the international effort. While transporting some of these supplies to the region, a Soviet aircraft carrying 78 relief workers from Azerbaijan and a transport plane from Yugoslavia were both destroyed in separate incidents. In support of the relief effort, recording artists united to produce several music-related contributions for the victims of the quake. A one-off song was produced by a duo of French composers (one with Armenian ties) with the proceeds going to the rebuilding efforts and a studio album was released by the British music industry featuring songs that were donated by mainstream rock bands.

The source of the event was a fault rupture 40 kilometers (25 mi) south of the Caucasus Mountains, a mountain range that has been produced by the convergence of the Arabian and the Eurasion tectonic plates. The range is situated along an active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps in southern Europe to the Himalayas in Asia. The seismicity along this belt is marked by frequent major earthquakes from the Aegean Sea, through Turkey and Iran, and into Afghanistan. Though the recurrence of seismic events in Armenia does not reach the high frequency that is seen in other segments of this zone, rapid crustal deformation there is associated with active thrust faulting and volcanic activity. Mount Ararat, a 5,137 m (16,854 ft) dormant volcano, lies 100 kilometers (62 mi) to the south of the quake's epicenter in Turkey.[12]

The earthquake occurred along a known thrust fault with a length of 60 kilometers (37 mi). Its strike was parallel to the Caucasus range and dipped to the north-northeast. Bruce Bolt, a seismologist and a professor of earth and planetary science at the University of California, Berkeley, walked the length of the fault scarp in 1992 and found that the vertical displacement there measured 1 m (3 ft 3 in) along most of the length with the southwest end reaching 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in).[12] During the earthquake, the northeast-facing side of the Spitak section rode up and over the southwest-facing side.[13]

Its depth was determined to be 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) (established from waveform modeling) and the epicenter was located on the Alavar thrust fault on the slopes of the Lesser Caucasus mountains north of Mount Aragats. The mainshock produced surface rupture and propagated to the west with a separate strike-slip sub-event occurring two seconds later that propagated to the southeast. Going westward the fault split into two branches, a north-dipping reverse fault (north branch) and a right slip fault (south branch), but neither produced surface rupture. A total of five sub-events occurred in the first eleven seconds and an aftershock measuring 5.8 (local magnitude) occurred four minutes and twenty seconds later.

Some of the strongest shaking occurred in industrial areas with chemical and food processing plants, electrical substations, and power plants. The Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, around 75 kilometers (47 mi) from the epicenter, experienced only minor shaking and no damage occurred there, but was eventually closed for a period of six years due to vulnerability concerns.[12] It was reopened in the mid-1990s amid criticism of lack of training, political instability in the Caucasus region, and accusations that the plant was of inadequate design. At that time the International Atomic Energy Agency's assistant director general Morris Rosen said of the situation "...you would never build a plant in that area, that's for sure, with what's known now."[15]

Many buildings did not hold up to the shaking of the earthquake and those did collapse often lacked any survival space, but lack of effective medical care and poor planning also contributed to the substantial scope of the disaster. Buildings that didn't collapse featured well-maintained masonry and skeletal components that were joined together adequately in a way that allowed for the building to resist seismic waves. Most bridges and tunnels and other public infrastructure withstood the earthquake but hospitals did not fare well. Most collapsed, killing two-thirds of the doctors, and destroying critical medical equipment and medicine, reducing the capacity of the region to handle the needs of the region.[16]

The Soviet news media and government officials soon began to discuss the apparent substandard construction styles that had caused so many of Armenia's buildings to collapse. Gorbachev, in a TV interview several weeks after his expedited return from New York City, said that the concrete blocks had been built with more than enough sand but too little concrete, and suggested that the concrete had been stolen. Leonid Bibin, deputy chairman of the state building committee, stated that many newer homes collapsed as well and that he was beginning an investigation into the matter and that criminal charges would be brought. The official communist party newspaper Pravda said that poor construction, like other issues of neglect in the Soviet system, could be blamed on the Era of Stagnation from the era of Leonid Brezhnev.[8]

A team of earthquake and engineering experts from the United States spent a period of time in Armenia in December 1988 and January 1989. The group, including a structural engineer who specialized in seismic-resistant designs, agreed that building inadequacies were the primary reason why the strong (but not huge) earthquake was so damaging, although the freezing temperatures also played a role in the unusually high death toll. The engineers who scrutinized the damaged buildings and the rescue workers who had dismantled the buildings while extricating survivors ascribe both design shortcomings and improper construction methods for the failure of the buildings. The Soviets had modified their construction style to accommodate the known seismic risk in the area, but they acknowledged to the team that many of the buildings were not built to withstand an earthquake of that magnitude. An engineer with the team stated that the regulations for the area mandated that buildings be required to stand up against events measuring seven or eight on the twelve degree Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale. The earthquake was assessed at ten on that seismic scale.[13]
Severely damaged masonry buildings in Spitak

The three cities closest to the fault rupture experienced different levels of damage. Both Leninakan and Kirovakan were roughly the same distance from the epicenter yet Leninakan had greater damage and this may be explained by a 300–400 m (980–1,300 ft) sedimentary layer that is present beneath Leninakan. The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute's research team compared building damage between those two cities and similar results were found for stone buildings four stories or less in height, but for taller frame-stone buildings 62% were destroyed at Leninakan while only 23% of the same type collapsed at Kirovakan. While on site the US research team verified soil amplification during aftershock monitoring when pronounced difference in readings were observed when compared with nearby rock sites. The difference in the seismic energy's radiation pattern may have also contributed to the variance in damage.[17]

In late December the last of the survivors that were able to be extricated were pulled from the fallen buildings, rescue operations ceased, and the cleanup began, beginning with the destruction of buildings that were too heavily damaged to be repaired. Six friends were in the basement of a nine-story building relocating barrels when it came down around them on December 7. Their injuries were minor, but one person did suffer a broken arm. They sustained themselves on the food supplies — fruit salad, pickles, and smoked ham — that were there in the basement for 35 days before their rescue in January.

The area where Armenia lies is of interest to seismologists and geologists because of the relatively early stage of continental collision occurring there and the earthquake's strong aftershock sequence and significant surface faulting presented scientists with an environment to study reverse faulting. Twelve days after the mainshock a French-Soviet team installed a temporary seismic network in the epicentral area to record aftershock activity (a separate expedition from the United States also visited the site). The initial portion of work included nearly a full week setting up the seismometers and optimizing their operation and, with that complete, two full weeks of continuous operation was then completed with twenty six seismometers covering an area over 1500 square kilometers. The final stage concluded with seven weeks (through the end of February 1989) of continued monitoring with a reduced capacity of twenty units.[19]

The instrumentation used during the science mission included ten smoked paper analog seismometers that were configured to allow for 48 hours of continuous single-component data recording. Six digital recorders built by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg were also used to record signals from three-component seismometers. Eight of the selected sites were equipped with a vertical component velocity transducer along with an FM telemetry link to transfer data back to a central station where a three-component unit was stationed. There the seismic signals were digitized, along with an internal time signal and an external DCF77 time signal, and stored on magnetic tape. The tapes were then played back and the P-wave and S-wave arrival times were used to automatically determine aftershock locations. Approximately two hundred aftershocks were recorded each day for the first several days of the expedition and at the end of the recording period in February the equipment was still picking up around 100 shocks per day. The team then set out to determine an accurate velocity model using data from the more accurate telemetry network. The soviet geophysicists detonated 100 kilograms of TNT in a hole drilled near the mainshock epicenter and the resulting shock waves were picked up on the team's network. The test helped pinpoint a more accurate measurement and an upper crust velocity value of 5.3 to 5.4 km/s was settled on.[19]

The epicenters of the recorded aftershocks formed a relatively narrow band stretching 50 km (31 mi) with the western area widening up to around 10 km (6.2 mi). On the east end the events were shallow and on the western side the hypocenters reached up to 14 kilometers (8.7 mi) deep and this may have been where most of the larger magnitude aftershocks were concentrated. The southeastern segment formed a very narrow zone striking 140° and may have been related to the Alavar fault since the surface faulting passed through the epicenters near the very southern portion. Most of the activity in this segment was shallow and concentrated on either end with the events occurring near the center being a bit deeper. The Alavar segment's fault deformation indicated right-lateral strike-slip faulting along a fault that was close to vertical. The activity at the southern tip appeared to split into two branches with the hypocenters remaining below 6 km but depths at the northern edge were near 9 km. There, just southeast of Spitak, the transition to the next segment was detected where just as many strike-slip mechanisms were observed as the reverse fault type.[20]

The east-central segment coincided with the extended surface faulting between Spitak and Gekhasar while the west-central portion's break was concealed under an anticline and was not visible at the surface. The distribution of aftershocks diverged dramatically west of Spitak with the strike deviating to 120°, the aftershock zone widening, and the epicenters located north of the surface breaks. Most events in this area were relatively deep, around 10 km, but there were some events that were more shallow as well, and they were limited to areas near the surface breaks, with some of them forming small clusters that intersected the general direction of the seismicity. West of the central segments the fault split into two branches with one to the southwest and the other to the northwest. On the southwestern branch, the seismicity followed an east-west trend, though it was not as organized compared to the other segments, with faint shallow events along with some deeper aftershocks near 15 km (9.3 mi), but no surface ruptures were found. The seismicity there formed parallel to a known 10 km (6.2 mi) fault (visible on satellite images) and also ran parallel to the central segment, creating an 'en echelon' system.

punkerzoe

Dec 9, 1983:
Pacino stars in Scarface

                The actor Al Pacino stars as a Cuban refugee who becomes a Miami crime boss in Scarface, which opens in theaters on this day in 1983.


  In Scarface, Pacino played Tony Montana, who arrives in Florida from Cuba in 1980 and eventually becomes wealthy from his involvement in the booming cocaine business. Things fall apart when Tony becomes addicted to the drug and his world collapses in violence. Directed by Brian De Palma from a screenplay by Oliver Stone, Scarface co-starred Michelle Pfeiffer, Steven Bauer, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio and Robert Loggia. The film was loosely based on a 1932 gangster film of the same name, directed by Howard Hawks and reportedly inspired in part by the real-life mobster Al “Scarface” Capone. Though De Palma’s Scarface received mixed reviews upon its initial release and was criticized for its violence, it proved to be a success at the box-office and went on to achieve pop-culture status.


  Tony Montana is just one of many notable roles in the career of Pacino, who was born on April 25, 1940, in New York City. He first gained notice for his portrayal as a young drug addict in 1971’s The Panic in Needle Park, which was produced by Dominick Dunne and written by Joan Didion and John Gregory Dunne. Pacino’s next film (just the third of his career) was the director Francis Ford Coppola’s now-iconic crime-family drama The Godfather (1972), co-starring Marlon Brando, James Caan, Diane Keaton and Robert Duvall. Pacino received a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination for his performance as the conflicted crime boss Michael Corleone, a role he would reprise in the acclaimed sequels The Godfather: Part II (1974) and The Godfather: Part III (1990).


  Throughout the rest of the 1970s, Pacino turned in a number of acclaimed performances, garnering three Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, for Serpico (1973), Dog Day Afternoon (1975) and …And Justice for All (1979). In the ensuing decades, the prolific actor continued to rack up an impressive list of credits in such films as the 1989 hit Sea of Love, opposite Ellen Barkin; Dick Tracy (1990), for which he earned yet another Best Actor Oscar nomination; and Glengarry Glen Ross (1992), for which he received a nod for Best Supporting Actor. He took home his first Best Actor Oscar for his performance as a blind, retired Army officer in Scent of a Woman (1992). Among Pacino’s other memorable films are the 1970s-era gangster drama Carlito’s Way (1993); the New York mafia drama Donnie Brasco (1997); the Oscar-nominated The Insider (1999), with Russell Crowe; and director Oliver Stone’s Any Given Sunday (1999), in which Pacino played a pro football coach. In 2008, Pacino teamed up with another Italian-American screen legend, Robert De Niro, to play New York City police detectives in Righteous Kill.

source: http://www.history.com/this-day- ... o-stars-in-scarface

              

punkerzoe

Dec 12, 1980:
Da Vincci notebook sells for over 5 millions

On this day in 1980, American oil tycoon Armand Hammer pays $5,126,000 at auction for a notebook containing writings by the legendary artist Leonardo da Vinci.

The manuscript, written around 1508, was one of some 30 similar books da Vinci produced during his lifetime on a variety of subjects. It contained 72 loose pages featuring some 300 notes and detailed drawings, all relating to the common theme of water and how it moved. Experts have said that da Vinci drew on it to paint the background of his masterwork, the Mona Lisa. The text, written in brown ink and chalk, read from right to left, an example of da Vinci's favored mirror-writing technique. The painter Giuseppi Ghezzi discovered the notebook in 1690 in a chest of papers belonging to Guglielmo della Porto, a 16th-century Milanese sculptor who had studied Leonardo's work. In 1717, Thomas Coke, the first earl of Leicester, bought the manuscript and installed it among his impressive collection of art at his family estate in England.

More than two centuries later, the notebook--by now known as the Leicester Codex--showed up on the auction block at Christie's in London when the current Lord Coke was forced to sell it to cover inheritance taxes on the estate and art collection. In the days before the sale, art experts and the press speculated that the notebook would go for $7 to $20 million. In fact, the bidding started at $1.4 million and lasted less than two minutes, as Hammer and at least two or three other bidders competed to raise the price $100,000 at a time. The $5.12 million price tag was the highest ever paid for a manuscript at that time; a copy of the legendary Gutenberg Bible had gone for only $2 million in 1978. "I’m very happy with the price. I expected to pay more," Hammer said later. "There is no work of art in the world I wanted more than this." Lord Coke, on the other hand, was only "reasonably happy" with the sale; he claimed the proceeds would not be sufficient to cover the taxes he owed.

Hammer, the president of Occidental Petroleum Corporation, renamed his prize the Hammer Codex and added it to his valuable collection of art. When Hammer died in 1990, he left the notebook and other works to the Armand Hammer Museum of Art and Cultural Center at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Several years later, the museum offered the manuscript for sale, claiming it was forced to take this action to cover legal costs incurred when the niece and sole heir of Hammer's late wife, Frances, sued the estate claiming Hammer had cheated Frances out of her rightful share of his fortune. On November 11, 1994, the Hammer Codex was sold to an anonymous bidder--soon identified as Bill Gates, the billionaire founder of Microsoft--at a New York auction for a new record high price of $30.8 million. Gates restored the title of Leicester Codex and has since loaned the manuscript to a number of museums for public display.

source: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history

            

qasehnuramy

Tarikh Peristiwa pada 14-12-1898

Pada  hari  ini  dalam  tahun 1898,  Wan  Mohd.  Saman,  tokoh yang terkenal  dengan  jasanya  membangunkan  ekonomi negeri  Kedah melalui  projek-projek  pertanian telah  meninggal  dunia  dan  dimakamkan  di  Makam  diRaja  Langgar.  Wan  Mohd.  Saman  telah  berkhidmat sebagai Perdana  Menteri  negeri  Kedah  semasa  pemerintahan  Sultan  Ahmad  Tajuddin  dan  meneruskan  khidmatnya  dibawah  dua  lagi pemerintah  negeri Kedah  iaitu  Sultan  Zainal  Abidin  Muadzam  Shah  II  dan  Sultan Abdul  Hamid  Shah.  Beliau  bertanggungjawab  dalam  mengutarakan idea  untuk  membina  sebuah  terusan  di  sepanjang  Kota  Setar   hingga  ke  Gurun pada  tahun  1885.  Terusan  yang  dikenali  sebagai  terusan  Wan  Mohd  Saman  ini  telah  mengubah  negeri  Kedah  kepada  sebuah negeri  Jelapang  Padi.  Terusan  ini  juga  turut  berperanan  sebagai  laluan  perdagangan  di antara  Alor  Setar  ke  Sungai Petani  hinggalah  ke  Butterworth.  Malah  terusan  ini juga  telah  menjadi  asas  kepada  pembinaan  jalan raya  utama  bagi  negeri  Kedah.  Sesungguhnya,  jasa  dan  sumbangan beliau  terhadap  kemajuan  negeri  Kedah  adalah  amat  besar  dan  layak  digelar  sebagai  Bapa  Pembangunan  Negeri.

qasehnuramy

Tarikh Peristiwa pada 14-12-1989

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1989, Majlis Pelancaran Jam Tangan Pertama buatan Malaysia di bawah jenama `HIPP’ telah dirasmikan oleh Menteri Perdagangan dan Perindustrian, Y.B. Datuk Sri Rafidah Aziz. Perusahaan jam tangan tersebut telah dijalankan oleh Syarikat Precima Sdn. Bhd. iaitu sebuah Syarikat Swiss yang  terlibat dalam pembuatan komponen jam di negara  sejak 15 tahun yang lalu. Menurut Pengarah Urusan Precima Sdn. Bhd, Mr. Rolf Schnyder  menyatakan bahawa koleksi pertama jam tangan tersebut di bawah jenama `HIPP’ diberi tema Tahun Melawat Malaysia 1990, dengan tujuan membantu memperkenalkan Malaysia di kalangan para pelancong. Menurut beliau, terdapat 10 corak permukaan bagi jam-jam tangan Tahun Melawat Malaysia, yang dijual dengan harga runcit di antara RM 70 hingga RM 80. Di antaranya ialah gambar bendera Malaysia, bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad, Masjid Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah dan hidupan liar Malaysia. Sesungguhnya, Majlis Pelancaran jam tangan buatan Malaysia yang pertama telah menjulangkan nama Malaysia di peringkat antarabangsa dalam bidang sains dan teknologi.

qasehnuramy

Tarikh Peristiwa pada 14-12-1933

Badan-badan Sukarela memainkan peranan yang penting dalam memberi bantuan, pandangan serta kerja-kerja sukarela kepada masyarakat.  Di negara ini pelbagai badan-badan sukarela telah ditubuhkan bagi pelbagai tujuan terutama yang berkaitan dengan kerja-kerja yang bersifat memberi bantuan. Pada hari ini 14.12.1933, Konvensyen Rotary Kelab yang pertama telah diadakan di Malaya. Perasmian Konvensyen selama tiga hari ini telah dirasmikan oleh Sultan Selangor. Bertitah semasa perasmian konvensyen ini, baginda yakin Rotary Kelab memainkan peranan penting dalam kerja-kerja berbentuk sukarela seperti memberi bantuan kepada orang-orang kurang upaya mahupun miskin. Selain itu ahli-ahli dapat mewujudkan sifat persefahaman, toleransi, amanah, jujur di samping dapat bertukar-tukar pengalaman di antara ahli. Persidangan selama tiga hari ini dihadiri oleh wakil Kelab Rotary dari Singapura dan Thailand. Diharap dengan adanya konvensyen sebegini akan mewujudkan saling memahami dan bertukar-tukar idea baru dalam usaha memberi sumbangan yang baik kepada masyarakat.

punkerzoe

Dec 17, 2003:
Third and final Lord of The Rings movie opens

                On this day in 2003, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, the final film in the trilogy based on the best-selling fantasy novels by J.R.R. Tolkien, opens in theaters. The film was a huge box-office success and won 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, for Peter Jackson. The Lord of the Rings trilogy became one of the highest-grossing franchises in movie history, netting billions of dollars worldwide in box-office proceeds and related merchandise.


  John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on January 3, 1892, in Blomfontein, South Africa, and raised primarily in England. He graduated from Oxford, served in World War I and went on to become a linguist and professor at Oxford. One day when Tolkien was grading exam papers, he reportedly was inspired in a moment of boredom to write across the top of one page, “In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit.” From there, he began developing the story into his novel The Hobbit, which was first published in 1937. A sequel, The Lord of the Rings, was published in three volumes between 1954 and 1955. The books are set in a place called Middle Earth and revolve around the adventures of a hobbit named Frodo Baggins, who must destroy a powerful ring and save the world from evil.


  Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings novels produced legions of fans around the world and were was adapted for radio, television and theater. He died at the age of 81 on September 2, 1973, in Bournemouth, England, almost three decades before his work was adapted into the blockbuster big-screen trilogy directed, co-written and co-produced by Peter Jackson. Shot in New Zealand, the trilogy starred Elijah Wood as Frodo, along with a large ensemble cast that included Sean Astin, Viggo Mortensen, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Orlando Bloom, Liv Tyler and Cate Blanchett.


  On December 19, 2001, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, the highly anticipated first film in the trilogy, debuted in theaters around the world. The film received 13 Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Supporting Actor (McKellen)and collected four Oscars, for Visual Effects, Cinematography, Makeup and Music (Original Score). The second movie in the series, Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, opened in theaters on December 18, 2002, and received six Oscar nominations, including Best Picture. Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King was released in theaters on December 17, 2003; it swept all 11 Oscar categories in which it was nominated.


  Peter Jackson, born on October 31, 1961, in Pukerua Bay, New Zealand, first gained notice in Hollywood as the director and co-writer of the 1994 true-crime drama Heavenly Creatures, which co-starred Kate Winslet. In addition to the Lord of the Rings trilogy, Jackson directed and co-wrote 2005’s King Kong, with Naomi Watts, Adrien Brody and Jack Black, and 2009’s The Lovely Bones,and is reportedly producing two upcoming Hobbit films.

source: http://www.history.com/this-day- ... e-rings-movie-opens

              

DeliDoli

Dec 17, 1903: First Airplane Flies


Near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first successful flight in history of a self-propelled, heavier-than-air aircraft. Orville piloted the gasoline-powered, propeller-driven biplane, which stayed aloft for 12 seconds and covered 120 feet on its inaugural flight.

Orville and Wilbur Wright grew up in Dayton, Ohio, and developed an interest in aviation after learning of the glider flights of the German engineer Otto Lilienthal in the 1890s. Unlike their older brothers, Orville and Wilbur did not attend college, but they possessed extraordinary technical ability and a sophisticated approach to solving problems in mechanical design. They built printing presses and in 1892 opened a bicycle sales and repair shop. Soon, they were building their own bicycles, and this experience, combined with profits from their various businesses, allowed them to pursue actively their dream of building the world's first airplane.

After exhaustively researching other engineers' efforts to build a heavier-than-air, controlled aircraft, the Wright brothers wrote the U.S. Weather Bureau inquiring about a suitable place to conduct glider tests. They settled on Kitty Hawk, an isolated village on North Carolina's Outer Banks, which offered steady winds and sand dunes from which to glide and land softly. Their first glider, tested in 1900, performed poorly, but a new design, tested in 1901, was more successful. Later that year, they built a wind tunnel where they tested nearly 200 wings and airframes of different shapes and designs. The brothers' systematic experimentations paid off--they flew hundreds of successful flights in their 1902 glider at Kill Devils Hills near Kitty Hawk. Their biplane glider featured a steering system, based on a movable rudder, that solved the problem of controlled flight. They were now ready for powered flight.

In Dayton, they designed a 12-horsepower internal combustion engine with the assistance of machinist Charles Taylor and built a new aircraft to house it. They transported their aircraft in pieces to Kitty Hawk in the autumn of 1903, assembled it, made a few further tests, and on December 14 Orville made the first attempt at powered flight. The engine stalled during take-off and the plane was damaged, and they spent three days repairing it. Then at 10:35 a.m. on December 17, in front of five witnesses, the aircraft ran down a monorail track and into the air, staying aloft for 12 seconds and flying 120 feet. The modern aviation age was born. Three more tests were made that day, with Wilbur and Orville alternately flying the airplane. Wilbur flew the last flight, covering 852 feet in 59 seconds.

During the next few years, the Wright brothers further developed their airplanes but kept a low profile about their successes in order to secure patents and contracts for their flying machines. By 1905, their aircraft could perform complex maneuvers and remain aloft for up to 39 minutes at a time. In 1908, they traveled to France and made their first public flights, arousing widespread public excitement. In 1909, the U.S. Army's Signal Corps purchased a specially constructed plane, and the brothers founded the Wright Company to build and market their aircraft. Wilbur Wright died of typhoid fever in 1912; Orville lived until 1948.

The historic Wright brothers' aircraft of 1903 is on permanent display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

source: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-airplane-flies

DeliDoli

Dec 17, 2011:
Kim Jong Il, Leader of North Korea, Dies

On this day in 2011, Kim Jong Il, North Korea's enigmatic, reclusive dictator, dies of a heart attack while reportedly traveling on a train in his country. Kim, who assumed leadership of North Korea upon the death of his father in 1994, ruled the Communist nation with an iron fist, and his isolated, repressive regime was accused of numerous human rights violations.

Little is known about Kim’s early life, although it is believed he was born in 1941 at a Soviet military base near Khabarovsk, Russia, where his father was stationed. However, when Kim became leader of North Korea, the government propaganda machine, which presented numerous myths about him as fact, claimed he was born on February 16, 1942, atop Korea's sacred Mount Paektu, as a new star and double rainbow appeared overhead.  (Among the many other questionable claims reported by the state media about the man known as the "Dear Leader" and "Supreme Leader" to his followers was that he made 11 holes-in-one in a single round of golf, composed numerous operas, invented an invisible cell phone and could control the weather.)

In 1948, Kim's father, Kim Il Sung (1912-1994), became head of the newly established Communist nation of North Korea (officially named the Democratic People's Republic of Korea). The younger Kim graduated from the country's Kim Il Sung University in 1964, and went on to rise through the Korean Workers' Party, the ruling political party, while also developing a reputation as a playboy who enjoyed fine food and expensive liquor. Additionally, Kim, a film fanatic, amassed a vast collection of foreign movies, and in 1978 ordered the kidnapping of a famous South Korean actress and her director husband in order to boost North Korea's movie industry.

Soon after Kim succeeded his father, North Korea experienced a series of severe famines that killed an estimated 2 million people by the late 1990s. As ordinary citizens suffered economic hardships, Kim directed a substantial portion of the nation's budget to maintaining a large military and to the development of nuclear weapons (which North Korea tested in 2006 and 2009). Additionally, under Kim's totalitarian regime, the media was controlled by the state, and average North Koreans had minimal personal liberties and couldn't leave the country (the few foreigners who were allowed in were closely monitored). Those who opposed the government were sent to harsh prison camps. As with his father (now referred to by North Koreans as the "eternal president"), a cult of personality built up around Kim. The two men were portrayed as deities and images of them appeared on all public buildings.

The relationship between North Korea and the United States, along with much of the West, was strained due to Kim's secretive nuclear weapons program. In 2002, President George Bush called out North Korea as part of an "axis of evil," along with Iran and Iraq. However, in 2008, the Bush administration took North Korea off the U.S. list of terrorism-supporting nations after it agreed to allow some inspections of its nuclear sites.

After Kim died on December 17, 2011, his embalmed body was put on permanent public display in Kumsusan Memorial Palace in the nation’s capital, Pyongyang. (The body of Kim Il Sung has been on display there since he died.) Kim was succeeded as leader of North Korea by the youngest of his three sons, Kim Jong Un, then in his 20s and largely unknown to the world.

DeliDoli

19 Disember 1941
PERJANJIAN SULTAN KEDAH-JEPUN

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1941, Baginda Sultan Kedah, DYMM Tuanku Abdul Hamid Halim Shah iaitu Sultan Kedah yang ke 25 telah menandatangani satu perjanjian dengan pihak Jepun di Kulim, Kedah, berikutan dengan kejatuhan negeri Kedah ke tangan Jepun. Tentera Jepun mula bergerak ke negeri Kedah pada 8 Disember 1941 apabila mereka mendarat di Alor Setar dan mengebom Lapangan Terbang Sungai Petani. Serangan Jepun di Alor Setar itu telah menyebabkan Baginda Sultan dan pihak kerajaan berpindah ke Kulim.

Apabila keseluruhan Negeri Kedah telah ditakluki, maka Kedah terpaksa mengadakan satu perjanjian dengan pihak Jepun. Menurut perjanjian tersebut, pihak Jepun mengakui Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah sebagai raja Negeri Kedah, tetapi pihak Jepun adalah pemegang kuasa dan semua arahan Jepun mesti dipatuhi.

Sesudah perjanjian itu ditandatangani, Baginda Sultan yang ketika itu dalam keadaan gering dan dibawa balik ke Alor Setar. Baginda diiringi oleh anakandanya Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra dan disertai oleh Tunku Badlishah, Raja Muda. Pada masa yang sama semua pegawai Kanan Melayu Kedah yang menjawat jawatan semasa pemerintahan British juga dibenarkan kembali ke jawatan masing-masing.

Dengan perjanjian yang termetrai di antara Sultan Kedah dan Gabenor Jepun pada hari ini dalam tahun 1941, maka bermulalah detik pemerintahan Tentera Jepun di Negeri Kedah.

Sumber: Arkib Negara Malaysia

DeliDoli

19 Disember 1862
Perjanjian Penyerahan Kuasa Ke Atas Teluk Belanga Kepada Temenggung Abu Bakar, Johor

Pada hari ini dalam tahun 1862, satu perjanjian penyerahan kuasa ke atas Teluk Belanga oleh Kerajaan Inggeris kepada Temenggung Abu Bakar, Johor telah berlangsung di Singapura. Perjanjian ini harus dibuat berikutan dengan persetujuan Gabenor Negeri-Negeri Selat, Blundell bagi pihak Kerajaan Inggeris untuk menyerahkan kawasan tanah di Teluk Belanga kepada Temenggung Abu Bakar. Kawasan itu menjadi hak milik baginda turun temurun. Kawasan tanah di Teluk Belanga dikuasai Inggeris berikutan dengan perjanjian diantara Residen Inggeris di Singapura, J.Crawford dengan Sultan Hussein dan Temenggung Abdul Rahman pada 2hb Ogos 1824.

Mengikut perjanjian tersebut, Pulau Singapura dan pulau-pulau yang berhampiran diserahkan kepada pihak Inggeris. Sultan Hussein dan Temenggung Abdul Rahman tidak lagi mempunyai kuasa keatas Pulau Singapura. Wang saguhati sebanyak $15000 dibayar oleh Kerajaan Inggeris kepada Temenggung Abdul Rahman apabila kawasan tanah di Teluk Belanga diserahkan kepada Inggeris.

Semasa Johor di bawah pemerintahan Temenggung Ibrahim, baginda telah berusaha untuk menguasai semula Teluk Belanga. Temenggung Ibrahim berpendapat bahawa dalam masa 30 tahun akan datang, nilai tanah di Teluk Belanga akan berlipat ganda. Menyedari keadaan tersebut, dalam tahun 1857, Temenggung Ibrahim telah membantah usaha membuka sebuah pangkalan arang batu berhampiran dengan Teluk Belanga. Bantahan baginda itu tidak dihiraukan oleh pihak Inggeris.

Semasa pemerintahan Temenggung Abu Bakar, baginda telah berusaha memajukan negeri Johor. Baginda telah membuat banyak perubahan di dalam sistem pemerintahan, menggalakkan perdagangan di Tanjung Puteri dan mengukuhkan hubungan persahabatan dengan negeri Pahang. Cara pemerintahan Temengung Abu Bakar amat disenangi oleh pihak Inggeris. Hubungan baginda dengan Pihak Inggeris dan pembesar-pembesar negeri berjalan dengan baik dan lancar. Apabila baginda menyuarakan hasrat supaya Teluk Belanga dijadikan hak milik baginda, pihak Inggeris telah memberi persetujuan.

Hasil daripada persetujuan tersebut, satu perjanjian telah ditandatangani pada hari ini dalam tahun 1862 di mana teluk Belanga diserahkan semula kepada Kerajaan Johor.

Sumber: Arkib Negara Malaysia

DeliDoli

Dec. 19, 1997
SILKAIR FLIGHT MI 185 CRASHED KILLING ALL 104 ON BOARD




This report is on the accident involving the SilkAir flight MI 185, a Boeing B737-300, which crashed into the Musi river near Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia, on 19 December 1997, at about 16:13 local time (09:13 UTC).
SilkAir flight MI 185 was operating as a scheduled passenger flight from Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta International Airport to Singapore Changi Airport.
The flight departed about 15:37 local time with 97 passengers, five cabin crew and two cockpit crew.
The airplane descended from its cruising altitude of 35,000 feet and impacted the Musi river, near the village of Sunsang, about 30 nautical miles north-north-east of Palembang in South Sumatra.
Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the flight, which operated on an instrument flight rules flight plan.
Prior to the sudden descent from 35,000 feet, the flight data recorders stopped recording at different times. There were no mayday calls transmitted from the airplane prior or during the descent.
All 104 persons on board did not survive the accident, and the airplane was completely destroyed by impact forces. Except parts of the empennage that found on land, most of the wreckage was found buried in the bottom of the Musi river.
About 73 percent by weight of wreckage was recovered, although due to the magnitude of destruction of the airplane, the small mangled pieces precluded finding clues, evidence or proof as to what have happened, how and why.
The safety issues in this report focused on the areas of flight operations, the flight data recorders, the human factors and control systems malfunctions.
The investigation yielded very limited data and information to make conclusions possible.
The report is pursuant to the technical investigation conducted by the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) of Indonesia.
The investigation was conducted in accordance with the standards and recommended practices of Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. In accordance with Annex 13, the sole objective of the investigation of an accident or incident shall be the prevention of accidents and incidents. It is not the purpose of this activity to apportion blame or liability.

SOURCE: NTSC Reports: Released December 19, 2000
SilkAir Flight MI-185 Accident Final Report
Boeing B737-300 9V TRF
Musi River - Palembang, 19 December 1997
Abstract

OTHER THEORY:

punkerzoe

Dec 26, 1973:
The Exorcist opens

                On this day in 1973, The Exorcist, a horror film starring the actress Linda Blair as a girl possessed by an evil spirit, makes its debut in theaters; it will go on to earn a reputation as one of the scariest movies in history. The Exorcist was based on William Peter Blatty's 1971 novel of the same name, about the last sanctioned Catholic exorcism to take place in the United States, in the late 1940s. In the film, Blair played Regan, a sweet 12-year-old girl who begins suffering bouts of bizarre behavior. When her concerned mother (Ellen Burstyn), contacts a priest, he recommends performing an exorcism. Max Von Sydow and Jason Miller played the two priests who eventually conduct the exorcism at the home where Regan is living in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C.
Directed by William Friedkin, The Exorcist was a huge box-office success. The film terrified audiences to the point of fainting, in some cases, with scenes in which Regan's head spins, her body levitates and she vomits green bile. The film was nominated for 10 Academy Awards, including Best Director and Best Picture, both of which it lost to The Sting. The Exorcist spawned the sequels Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977), The Exorcist III (1990), which was written and directed by William Peter Blatty, who won a Best Screenplay Oscar for the original movie in the series; Exorcist: The Beginning (2004), directed by Renny Harlin, and Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist (2005), helmed by Paul Schrader.


The Exorcist catapulted Linda Blair, who got her start in show business by acting in commercials as a child, to fame in Hollywood and earned her a Best Supporting Actress nomination (she lost to Tatum O'Neal in Paper Moon). Though she went on to star in a string of made-for-TV films and to reprise her role as Regan in Exorcist II: The Heretic, none of Blair's later projects achieved the same commercial success as The Exorcist.


Before The Exorcist made its debut in 1973, Friedkin had already earned accolades in Hollywood for helming 1971's The French Connection. That film, which starred Gene Hackman and Roy Scheider as New York City police detectives who go after an international heroin-smuggling ring, won five Academy Awards, including Best Director, Best Picture and Best Actor (Hackman). Friedkin, who was born on August 29, 1935, went on to make such movies as 1980's Cruising, with Al Pacino, 1985's To Live and Die in L.A., with Willem Dafoe and William Petersen, and 2000's Rules of Engagement, with Tommy Lee Jones and Samuel L. Jackson. None of these films, however, were as well received as The French Connection or The Exorcist.

source: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-exorcist-opens

            

anniez08

PELANCARAN PERKHIDMATAN TV MALAYSIA

Pada  hari  ini  dalam  tahun  1963,  Perkhidmatan  Televisyen (TV)  Malaysia  telah dilancarkan  oleh  Tunku  Abdul  Rahman  dari  studio sementara  TV  Malaysia di  Dewan  Tuanku  Abdul Rahman,  Jalan Ampang.  Kerajaan  Malaysia  telah  mendapat  bantuan  daripada Suruhanjaya Penyiaran Kanada untuk memperkenalkan perkhidmatan ini. Pada  peringkat  awal,  siaran  ialah  kira-kira  5  setengah  jam  sehari atau  44  jam  seminggu dengan  tambahan  masa  siaran  pada  hujung  minggu.  Separuh  daripada  rancangan  yang  disiarkan  dibuat  terus-menerus  dari  studio  manakala  selebihnya adalah  filem-filem  sumbangan  Filem  Negara  dan  sumber  luar.  Dalam tahun  1964,  beberapa buah  stesen  pemancar  telah  dibina.  Antaranya  di  Gunung  Ledang  dan  Bukit  Maxwell (Perak),  Gunung  Tampin (Negeri  Sembilan), Gunung  Jerai (Kedah)  dan  Gunung Pulai (Johor).  Pembinaan stesen pemancar tambahan telah membolehkan lebih ramai penonton menerima perkhidmatan  ini  yang  sebelumnya  terhad kepada ibu negara dan kawasan berhampiran sahaja.  Antara  kejayaan TV Malaysia sejak pelancarannya ialah mewujudkan Kompleks  Angkasapuri,  perubahan daripada hitam  putih  kepada  TV  warna (1978)  selain  tambahan masa siaran,  penerbitan  rancangan  tempatan  dan  sebagainya.

credit to: arkib negara