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学成语(一)

Hot 5Viewed 955 times19-4-2011 07:43 PM |

道听途说

汉语拼音: dào tīng tú shuō
英文解释: Hearsay ; rumor ; gossip
【解释】: 道,途:路上。在路上听来,又在路上传说。指没有根据的传说。贬义。 
【出处】:《论语·阳货》:“道听而途说,德之弃也。”
《汉书·艺文志》:“小说家者流,盖出于稗官,街谈巷语,道听途说者之所造也。”
【例句】: 东张西望,道听途说,决然得不到什么完整的知识。
【反义】: 目击耳闻,耳闻目睹,言之有据,有根有据,言之凿凿。
【近义】: 街谈巷议,小道消息,捕风捉影,海外奇谈,齐东野语
【辨析】: 道听途说,街谈巷议,都有“无根据的传说”的意思。
区别在于:道听途说表示听到了还作传递;街谈巷议着重在议论,不在传递,其中还有谈是说非的意味。



无中生有

汉语拼音:wú zhōng shēng yǒu 
英文解释:fabricated; to create something from nothing
【解释】:道家认为,天下万物生于有,有生于无。把没有的说成有。比喻毫无事实,凭空捏造。
【出处】:《老子》:“天下万物生于有,有生于无。”
【示例】:子息从来天数,原非人力能为。最是~,堪令耳目新奇。 
             ◎明·凌濛初《初刻拍案惊奇》卷三十八
【近义】:造谣生事、信口雌黄。
【反义】:确凿无疑、铁证如山。
【语法】:主谓式;作谓语、宾语;含贬义
【歇后语】:主红萝卜开花长了葱;空箱里取物;魔术师变戏法

【成语故事】:
道家认为世间万物都是从“无”开始的。从“无”生出“有”,又从“有”发展成万物。
《庄子*齐物论》指出,小到生命,大到宇宙,都有一个开始,在开始之前有一个未曾开始的开始,还有连未曾开始都未曾开始的开始。
宇宙之初的形态是“有”,在“有”之前是“无”,还有连“有”和“无”都没有的“无”。
忽然间有了“无”,不知道“有了‘无’”到底是“有”呢还是“无”。 

这话听起来有点玄。不过老子早就说过:“玄而又玄,众妙之门。”
道家认为:“天生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物。”
应用到《易经》就是无极生太极,太极生两仪,两仪生四象,四象生八卦,直至无穷。
但是事物一开始,首先是“无中生有”。 

庄子的“无中生有”理论,和现代的宇宙大爆炸理论有相似之处。
大爆炸理论认为大爆炸是宇宙的起源,也是时间和空间的开始。
在此以前(其实没有什么以前),一切都是“无”。 

道家对“无”非常看重。老子曾说:一个车轮有三十根辐条,可是中间必须空出来,才好安放车轴。
中间空出来的地方,看起来什么也没有,可是正因为那儿什么也没有,才有放置车轴的用处。
一座房子中间必须留有空间,人才能住进去。
这个空间仿佛什么也没有,可是如果没有这个“什么也没有”的空间,房子就不叫房子了。
正是这个空间,使房子具有了人们建筑它时所要求的功能。事实上,房子的功能就在这个“无”上。 

“无中生有”本来是道家的哲学思想,后来人们用它的字面意思,一般把无中生有形容为胡说八道。
庄子对此也无可奈何。



指鹿为马

汉语拼音:zhǐ lù wéi mǎ 
英文解释:deliberately confound right and wrong
【解释】:指着鹿,说是马。比喻故意颠倒黑白,混淆是非。
【出处】:西汉·司马迁《史记·秦始皇本纪》:“二世笑曰:‘丞相误邪?谓鹿为马。’”
【示例】:
东床已招佳婿,何似以羊易牛;西邻纵有责言,终难~。
            (明·冯梦龙《醒世恒言》卷七)

【成语故事】:
秦二世时,丞相赵高野心勃勃,日夜盘算着要篡夺皇位。可朝中大臣有多少人能听他摆布,有多少人反对他,他心中没底。于是,他想了一个办法,准备试一试自己的威信,同时也可以摸清敢于反对他的人。

一天上朝时,赵高让人牵来一只鹿,满脸堆笑地对秦二世说:“陛下,我献给您一匹好马。”秦二世一看,心想:这哪里是马,这分明是一只鹿嘛!便笑着对赵高说:“丞相搞错了,这里一只鹿,你怎么说是马呢?”赵高面不改色心不跳地说:“请陛下看清楚,这的确是一匹千里马。”秦二世又看了看那只鹿,将信将疑地说:“马的头上怎么会长角呢?”赵高一转身,用手指着众大臣,大声说:“陛下如果不信我的话,可以问问众位大臣。”

大臣们都被赵高的一派胡言搞得不知所措,私下里嘀咕:这个赵高搞什么名堂?是鹿是马这不是明摆着吗!当看到赵高脸上露出阴险的笑容,两只眼睛骨碌碌轮流地盯着赵高脸上露出阴险的笑容,两只眼睛骨碌碌轮流地盯着每个人的时候,大臣们忽然明白了他的用意。

一些胆小又有正义感的人都低下头,不敢说话,因为说假话,对不起自己的良心,说真话又怕日后被赵高所害。有些正直的人,坚持认为是说明书而不是马。还有一些平时就紧跟赵高的奸佞之人立刻表示拥护赵高的说法,对皇上说,“这确是一匹千里马!”

事后,赵高通过各种手段把那些不顺从自己的正直大臣纷纷治罪,甚至满门抄斩。
故事出自《史记·秦始皇本纪》。成语“指鹿为马”比喻故意颠倒是非,混淆黑白。

我们常用、常做、常说的成语!

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