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亞洲的茉莉花：大馬淨選盟3.0
週六, 2012-04-14 17:09 — 阿藹
在面書上看到馬來西亞將於四月廿八日發動第三波淨選遊行（Bersih 3.0)，以爭取一個更公平公正的選舉制度。正值梁振英當選特首，不少社運的朋友認為香港的公民社會將進入寒冬，然而相對馬來西亞來說，香港面對的政治壓迫，雖日益嚴重，但仍有動員的空間，當大馬的朋友在「緊急法令」及「內安法」夾擊下，仍能發動大規模的淨選運動，我們的悲觀，似乎顯得有點妄自菲薄。
去年「當今大馬」和「獨立新聞在線」的朋友楊凱斌與陳慧思，在淨選盟七月九日第二波動員後到港，介紹了當天的狀況。儘管大馬政府利用所有軟（強制學校舉辦活動使學生不能參加）和硬（於遊行前幾天搜捕組織者和示威者）手法阻止遊行，最後仍有兩萬人在吉隆坡示威，期間警察以暴力驅散示威者，甚至向醫院發射催淚彈，最後拘捕了一千六百多人。
這場淨選運動被視為苿莉花革命的亞洲版。事實上，過去兩三年，多個承襲殖民專制制度、圖具形式民主的亞洲國家，其執政黨均面對反對黨的挑戰。
在第一波淨選盟運動下，馬來西亞的反對黨於 2008 年的大選已取得了 82 個議席，佔總數 222 個議席的 36.9%，雖然沒有取得多數，但亦使報政國陣自 1969 年來，第一次沒有取得條憲所需的三分之二議席。此外，國陣之所以取得多數議席，是因為它控制了選舉的劃界和每區選民的數目，使其首 112個議席僅來自 22.75% 的選民。
為了走出特首選舉民間社會無助感的陰霾，我向面書上馬來西亞的朋友Ah Lye請教他們的運動經驗。 他指出，淨選盟的策略是把「執政黨」與「在野黨」的對壘變成「腐敗制度」與「人民」的對決，以爭取更多市民的支持。
目前大馬選舉的制度性舞弊包括：
一．不讓海外公民投票；
二．利用選區劃分，控制選民人數，製造有利執政黨的選區，譬如說，最細的選區只有六千個選民，而最大的選區則有十一萬二千選民；而執政黨在細選區裡有壓倒性的勝數；
三．透過每年續牌的方法，控制主流媒體，不容許它們報導執政黨負面新聞，亦不容它們宣傳在野黨的政策理念；
四．把選舉時間縮短，於選舉期發放不利在野黨的新聞，矇蔽選民；
五．恐嚇公務員，要他們不得支持在野黨；
六．幽靈選民
七．利用混亂的選民登記冊，讓一些人能在不同選區裡重複投票；
八．不透明的選民名冊，並透過控制公民資格，如讓一些外勞成為大馬公民，成為支持執政黨的選民；
九．年滿廿一歲的不會自動成為選民，要自己主動登記，而很多已登記為選民的沒有被編進選民登記冊。
自 2007 年開始發動的淨選運動，使本來對政治冷漠的公民，慢慢形成一個推動政治改革的共識，以下是 Ah Lye 對上兩次淨選運動的回顧：
大馬過去幾十年來，都沒法突破瓶頸來挑戰執政黨「國陣」的壟斷，而且很多社會運動，華人都甚少參與甚至冷漠。在 2007 年發動的第一次 Bersih 1.0 裡，對 2008 年的大選產生了決定性的影響，導致在野黨第一次以非常接近的選票數量和執政黨抗衡，雖然沒有把聯邦政權換掉，卻把三個主要州屬的州政府換下來了（檳城、霹靂、雪蘭莪），開始了很微妙的政治氣候的轉變。這樣維持了一年，執政黨在這個階段為了奪回失去的那三個州屬政權，採取了更暴力和更殘忍更舞弊的管理，間接令民怨不降反而提高了。
到了 2009 年 7 月 9 日那一天（簡稱709），公民組織 Bersih 所發動的第二次大聚會， Bersih 2.0，在完全預料不到的情況下，不同種族的公民都湧上街頭，參與那次反抗運動，進而把整個馬來西亞的種族隔閡的困境開始衝破，華人與馬來人在那一天互相幫忙互相接納，因為我們突然很清楚，原來我們的敵人不是對方，而是這個制度和其背後的政權，開始因為這個選舉舞弊的課題而得以全民不分膚色聯合起來。因為一向來華人在這片土地上因為被執政黨長期歧視和分化，對其歸屬感都不大強烈，也對馬來人抱持懷疑。
到了 Bersih 2.0 之後，因為被大家同時上街的熱情感動了，現在情況出現決定性的變化。而公民組織 Bersih 扮演了重要角色，配合整個公民社會持續給政府壓力，到最近因為國會選舉改革小組沒有再給到什麼實質性的立法改變，Bersih 便決定再發起反抗運動，而有了 4 月 28 日 Bersih 3.0 靜坐抗議，直到當局妥協為止。我們下一次大選就在不久的幾個月內，所以發動這個運動是佔有很策略性的時間點來終止這一切腐敗。
這次動員，淨選盟提出了多個改革選舉的訴求，包括：重整選民名冊，把一人多票和過身的人名移除；改革郵寄投票；以不脫色的印章防止一人多票或代投的情況；把舉選宣傳期延長至 21 日，讓所有候選人有公平的媒體時段等。
其實在面書上，Bersih 3.0 的官方頁面，支持者只 6 千多（較我們的反雙非和反D&G遠遠的少），但它卻成功地製造了一個政治改革的共識，建立一個不分種族宗教與階級的統一戰線。大馬新一波的大選將至，這次動員也許真的能成為當地政局又一次的轉淚點。
政治制度的演變及變革，與全球宏觀經濟發展息息相關，形成區域性的趨勢，1980-90 年代的蘇聯解體東歐變天是如此，過去兩年阿拉伯國家的茉利花革命也是如此，回到亞洲，星加坡、馬來西亞和緬甸的政治已分別出現了變局，香港也難免捲進這大潮，問題是民間是否有更闊的視野去面對這潮流，而不是把自己想像為一群在圍城內的困獸。
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