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转:新加坡中文报历史

Hot 27Viewed 5062 times25-6-2012 11:17 PM |

新加坡中文报历史

马来亚是公认的全球中文报业的发源地,第一份中文报纸《察世俗每月统纪传》于1815 年在马六甲创刊。不过,第一份中文日报却是新加坡富商薛有礼于1881创办的《叻报》。按照传统的说法,百年来新加坡华社有三大支柱:社团、华校与华文报。陈嘉庚的南洋商报和胡文虎的星洲日报是当年的两大华文报。

(1815年在马六甲创刊的察世俗每月统纪传)

(1881年新加坡第一份中文报《叻报》)

南洋商报于1923年9月6日在新加坡创刊。初期陈嘉庚办报的目的是要通过舆论“拥护南京政府”(蒋介石为首),但取名商报是要通过更多商务与经济的评述,教育读者,从而拓展华人在当地的经济活动。1937年卢沟桥事件后,《南洋商报》成了抗日的文化阵地。1940年中国著名报人胡愈之前来主持笔政。根据后来揭开的史料,胡愈之由周恩来派来新加坡,成为《南洋商报》的编辑主任。胡愈之提出了一个鲜明的立场:“团结一致,共御外侮”。在这个大前提下,“商报”是采取无党无派的立场,所谓无党无派,是要使各党各派无党派一致团结起来,为抗日救国进行抗争。所以无党无派的立场,就是团结的立场,就是统一抗战的立场。

(1931年的南洋商报)

(1950年的星洲日报)

(1936年的民报)

1967年3月18日,新加坡市场上多了一份中文小报--新明日报,市民称之为马票报,由香港《明报》老板查良镛(金庸)与新加坡梁介福药行创办人梁润之合股创办。称之为马票报是因为在入夜时分新鲜出炉,周末小市民买梦,4D号码印在头版,满足了一些市民的梦想。

1970年代,傍晚七时许,我已经和附近的街坊们站在福南街与谐街之间的振南街口报摊前等侯,两毛钱一份,每期转载金庸名著神雕射雕、古龙的陆小凤,武侠得不亦乐乎。李小龙暴毙、林彪坠机、周恩来与毛泽东相继病逝、四人帮瓦解、中越谅山争夺战、邓小平的“猫论”--不管黑猫白猫,只要能抓老鼠的就是好猫等,都是从新明日报得到的最新情报。 

当时与新明日报并驾齐驱有另一份小报--民报,它的副刊甚为学生所爱戴。发展到了后期,民报敌不过市场竞争,逐步冗员。我的中学同学杨照福说他集编辑记者排班打字于一身,东抄西捡,有时还帮忙印刷,断断续续出版,新闻变旧闻,最终收盘。

(1971年的新明日报)

(1972年的民报)

后来我们从水仙门Hill Street搬到新世界Maude Road,那时我还在Singapore Polytechnic念书。那个年代念书与学生活动几乎是本末倒置,学生活动成为主修,念书是副修,是CCA。课余搞活动只能用傍晚过后的时间,有时还会呆到11点,学校大门都上锁了。我们也不分什么男生女生,守望相助,攀过铁闸,回到家已是午夜时分。Maude Road Block 1 住家楼下有个夜间报摊,身材略胖的老妇人总会为我留下一份夜间11点送到,印着隔天日期的南洋商报。

1970年代还是个猜疑的年代。那时搞学生活动,直觉上被许多双眼睛监视中,我们称这些监视的眼睛为内奸,并且不时揣测到底是谁把我们的会议与活动内容外传,有些学长被内安局逮捕甚至在没有公开审讯的情况下关上几年,我们之间也有喝咖啡等事。面对着这种种外在的压力,为的是什么?理想吗?其实很模糊。华校生在一个纯英语的学习环境中,英文能力追不上教学内容,与英校生站在一起似乎矮了一截,被边缘化等都自然的把华校生凑在一起,成为一个小社区。当时社会上也有许多不平事件,油槽船爆炸夺走76条人命、物价高涨、巴士车费涨价、校方不尊重学生组织等都造成许多对立的局面。

http://navalants.blogspot.com/2009/07/2-of-3.html
http://navalants.blogspot.com/2011/06/fine-city.html

对新明日报和南洋商报有一份情源于文艺副刊。新明日报的新风版和青园版是投稿的天堂,南洋商报也有个类似的青年园地,一千字八元的稿费已经足以让我维持简朴的学生生活,印象中数年后稿费涨至一千字十余元,减轻许多生活负担。

独立初期,南洋商报曾经面对过黑色厄运。1971年新加坡政府向南洋商报展开“黑色行动” (Black Operation),内安局于1971年5月2日凌晨,逮捕了南洋商报的总经理李茂成(李茂成家族掌管着泛马来西亚日报pan-Malaysian daily)、总编辑仝道章和资深主笔李星可,隔天公众关系经理郭隆生也被捕。当时的新加坡总理李光耀谴责南洋商报立场亲共,报道中国共产党的消息时往往报喜不报忧,挑起种族仇恨,渲染华语教育问题,损害新加坡利益。后来才发现李茂成根本不懂中文。有关南洋商报对新加坡的安全构成威胁的指责,社长李友成举行记者招待会,否认政府的各项指责,显示南洋商报要与政府据理力争,结果,李友成本人也于1973 年1月28日在内部安全法令下被拘留。

新加坡政府在1971年5月3日的《海峡时报》上发表了一则声明:

“南洋商报对灌输共产主义制度赞美有加,而对其缺陷避而不提。在报道国内新闻时,着重报道负面新闻。虽然仝道章和李星可是支持国民党反对共产主义,但在新加坡处在这个紧要的历史时刻,刻意美化共产主义制度,其用心是险恶的。”

“研究过去6个月以来的新加坡和马来西亚版报纸,发现南洋商报在攻击新加坡方面的政策是处心积虑的。马来西亚版没有渲染共产党的成就,也没有激发公众在华语和华文教育方面的反抗情绪。”

“相反,在马来西亚版还报道了政府支持教育的政策,而在新加坡版,不仅报道共产党的成就,在报道华语和华文教育时,营造出一种华语和华文教育在夹缝中求生存的印象”。

“在新加坡版被挑起的对华语和华文教育的恐惧却没有出现在马来西亚版。这些宣传的转变在1970年的第四季度就开始了。几个月前,美国乒乓球队在1971年4月访问中国时这种报道更加明显。在报道充斥着亲共的声音,更指责新加坡在冲破150多年的殖民枷锁后仍然没有真正的独立。”

“试图通过乒乓球比赛挑起华人对中国的种族感情。同时,还提起了在1957年-1959年间新加坡发生的种族动乱,再次激起民众的紧张情绪。”

“4月28日,在中美乒乓球运动会期间南洋商报的这种煽动达到了高潮。那天商报发表的社论藉口批评政府来公开煽动整个社会对政府的仇恨,过去的几个星期报纸将政府描绘成打压和压迫华文教育和华语发展,在那天则进一步指责政府是数典忘祖的“假洋人”。在新加坡的暴乱期间,这是马来沙文主义反对多种族同胞时曾经用过的口号”。

“南洋商报的决策者,似乎急于在新加坡制造麻烦。虽然其总经理李茂成不懂中文,只是雇用了两个以前具有反共背景的记者,写亲共文章,引发华人对华语和华族文化的感情,如果不加以制止,就会引起更多人仿效。虽然李茂成于今年2月将南洋商报交于他的弟弟李友成管理,但他仍然与仝道章有密切联系。他们的这种行为用政治术语来说叫‘黑色行动’”。

“他们打着捍卫华语和华文教育的口号,却在激发种族、语言和文化方面的冲突,政府已经对他们这些人采取行动。”

“李茂成这样大胆,是因为他的家族财富赋予他豁免权。他们妄想打着华语和华族文化的牌子,政府就不会对他们采取行动。新加坡政府必须而且会继续制止他们实施对新加坡不利的行为,政府不会畏惧财富、职业、社会或政治地位,甚至是为他们提供保护的境外强大势力。”

接下来的十年间,华文报业的演变如江河直落三千丈,新加坡政府在1974 年修订《报纸与印刷机法令》,规定所有报业公司必须改组为公众公司。当时的文化部长易润堂向国会提呈《报刊与印刷馆法案》,法案规定报社重组股权结构,彻底免除老板直接掌控报社的权力。根据易润堂的说法,这么做的目的是要“避免报刊落入外国人手中”。1974年所作的五项重大修订:

1. 本地报社发出两种股权:管理股和普通股,管理股的投票权比重较高。

2. 管理股所有权必须得到国家批准。倘若报社无法提名持有管理股的人选,国家有权加以委任。

3. 本地报社的董事必须是新加坡公民,非公民未经国家允许不能持有管理股。

4. 外国资金来源必须公开,未经国家批准,本地报社或新闻从业员不可收受外国资金。

5. 国家必须对外资纯粹仅作商业用途感到满意。 


(南洋商报和星洲日报合并后的联合早报和联合晚报)
  
1975年新马南洋商报正式分家,1983年3月16日,南洋商报和星洲日报合并成为《联合早报》和《联合晚报》,新加坡中文报业从家族企业蜕变成上市公司,由新加坡报业控股 (Singapore Press Holdings)垄断,成为媒体业的霸主。

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