the great wall of china (kubur terpanjang di bumi)!!

amazed

Kubur terpanjang di Bumi
Oleh Azman Zakaria

Tembok Besar China dapat gelaran kerana ketika pembinaannya ramai pekerja terutama petani terkorban

BANYAK sudah dikisahkan oleh ramai penulis mengenai tempat-tempat menarik di Beijing, China yang menyimpan pelbagai kisah sejarah silam.

Tembok Besar China sebagai satu daripada tujuh keajaiban dunia sentiasa menggamit dan menarik pelancong ke negara itu yang kini mula muncul sebagai antara kuasa ekonomi dunia.


Kata orang, tidak lengkap kunjungan ke Beijing jika tidak ke Tembok Besar China. Justeru, ketika membuat liputan acara Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi yang menyertai sidang kemuncak Mesyuarat Asia-Eropah (ASEM) ketujuh, baru-baru ini, penulis berkesempatan menjejakkan kaki ke Tembok Besar China itu.

Sebaik tiba, yang terlintas di hati ialah tempat itu amat mengagumkan kerana tembok setegap dan panjang itu dapat dibina merentasi beberapa wilayah negara terbabit mencakupi hutan tebal di puncak pergunungan.

Akibat kesuntukan masa, penulis menaiki kereta kabel dari kaki pergunungan hingga ke kawasan pintu masuk ke Tembok Besar China di Mutianyu itu.

Ketika menjejakkan di Tembok Besar China, terbayang bagaimana bongkah batu yang begitu besar dan banyak di susun rapi dalam saiz yang hampir sama bagi membentuk tembok sepanjang 6,700 kilometer (km) itu.

Indahnya pemandangan dari Tembok Besar itu. Meskipun dalam cuaca yang agak dingin itu, penulis berjalan beberapa ratus meter menikmati keunikan tembok itu.

Penulis juga berkunjung pusat beli-belah untuk membeli ole-ole bagi dijadikan buah tangan apabila pulang nanti.

Sedikit masa yang terluang hanya mengizinkan penulis ke pusat beli-belah di Silk Street, Chaoyang District yang jauhnya kira-kira satu kilometer dari hotel penginapan. Cuaca sejuk mengizinkan penulis berjalan kaki meskipun pada tengah hari.

Penulis ketika berada di Tembok Besar China.

Masalah yang dihadapi di pusat beli-belah ini yang menjual pelbagai barangan daripada pakaian, peralatan sukan, cenderahati, jam, mutiara dan barang elektronik termasuk telefon bimbit dan kamera, ialah tetap sama iaitu masalah bahasa.

Dengan sebahagian besar jurujual hanya mengetahui beberapa patah perkataan Inggeris, mesin kira menjadi penghubung dalam urusan tawar menawar dan jual beli untuk menyatakan harga yang mahu dijual atau dibeli.

Saya dimaklumkan penjual meletakkan harga permulaan yang tinggi terhadap semua barangan, dan pembeli harus memulakan proses tawar menawar pada harga 70 peratus lebih kurang daripada yang dinyatakan penjual.

Umpama ayam dan itik, itulah ibarat pertuturan antara penjual dan pembeli. Jurujualnya juga agak agresif hingga ada yang menarik tangan pengunjung yang mahu beredar dari kedai, untuk memastikan pengunjung berkenaan membeli barangan yang sudah ditawar.

Apapun, masalah bahasa tidak wajar dijadikan halangan ketika berada di Beijing. Bagi yang mahu berkunjung dan melawat ke pelbagai destinasi menarik di ibu kota China ini, mereka sewajarnya mendapatkan khidmat bantuan penterjemah.

Jika bernasib baik, boleh mendapatkan khidmat pemandu teksi yang boleh berturut bahasa Inggeris meskipun ini sesuatu yang sukar.

FAKTA: Tembok Besar China


Dikenali kubu China silam yang dibina sekitar 200 Sebelum Masihi (SM)

Diperkukuh antara akhir abad ke-14 sehingga permulaan abad ke-17, ketika Dinasti Ming, untuk melindungi China daripada serangan puak Mongol.

Panjang tembok kira-kira 6,700 kilometer (km), dari Shanhai Pass sehingga ke Teluk Bohai di sebelah timur yang terletak berhampiran dengan sempadan China dan Manchuria, sehingga Lop Nur di sebelah tenggara wilayah Xinjiang.

Sebuah tembok pertahanan dibina di sempadan utara pada dinasti Qin dan dipelihara oleh dinasti-dinasti seterusnya. Lima pembinaan semula utama yang dicatatkan adalah seperti berikut:
208 SM (Dinasti Qin)
Abad ke-1 SM (Dinasti Han)
Abad ke-7 (Dinasti Sui)
1138 - 1198 (Zaman Lima Dinasti dan 10 Negara)
1368 - 1640 (Dari Maharaja Hongwu sehingga Maharaja Wanli pada Dinasti Ming)

Ia digelar 'kubur terpanjang di Bumi' kerana ramai yang mati terutama petani ketika membinanya.

Tembok Besar Dinasty Ming bermula di timur dari Kubu Shanhai, dekat Qinhuangdao di Wilayah Hebei

Ia melalui 9 wilayah, 100 daerah dan bahagian 500 km terakhir di barat sudah musnah sepenuhnya. Hujung di bahagian baratnya hari ini terletak di tempat bersejarah Jiayuguan (kubu Jiayu) di barat laut wilayah Gansu, pada hujung Jalan Sutera.

Kedudukannya kira-kira satu jam perjalanan dari Beijing.






masa aku gi china last year ikut package ni ler satu2nya tempat yg paling buat aku terkedu, terpempan.... tak leh nak imagine worang jaman dulu leh bina tembok begini kukuh panjang....   masa pergi last year.. cuaca cool gak.. tak ler sejuk mana pun.. tapi aku pakai gak cardigan ngan jacket.. sebab breeze angin sejuk kat atas tuh!!....   pada yg nak melawat 7 wonders....  great wall is a good start weyyy!!!...     aku simpan duit nak pi machu picchu next year kalu ada jodoh....  leh bawak beri pi hanimun kat sana nanti...  

pobedah

the mummy 3 ader pasal kisah tembok besar cina nie kan??? bgus gak bikin filem mcm tu..malas bace sejarah bleh tau dr filem!

ijad_adiputera

aku dah sampai Tembok Besar China nih...
Giler tinggi beb tembok nih... :victory:

Nak naik tembok ni pun payah sbb saiz anak tangganya sebesar bongkah batu...
kalo nk naik tangga terpaksa angkat kaki tinggi2...
Aku siap berlawan lg dgn kwn aku...
pastu bila dah sampai kt puncak yang paling tinggi, kitorg semput terus...
hahahah... dh la oksigen kt puncak tu kurang...

pemandangan kt atas tu... jgn ckp la... sungguh indah....
boleh nampak gunung-ganang, bukit-bukau, hutan rimba dlm suasana musim sejuk...
angin tiup kuat sampaikan sejuknya terasa ke tulang...

yg tak boleh aku lupakan, bila aku nak turun dari atas tu yg gayat giler...
aku ni dh la takut pd ketinggian...
bila nk turun tu, aku turun dengan cara duduk...
ape nk buat... tangga tembok tu pun dlm keadaan 60 darjah / 70 darjah, bukannye 45 darjah mcm tangga biasa...

tambah pulak pemandu pelancong aku ckp, ada orang Indonesia yg mati terjatuh tangga...
mungkin sbb anak tangganya tinggi sgt.... pastu dlm keadaan 60 darjah...
huhuhu... tp mmg best lah....

Maxx

teringin gak nak sampai ke sana....

baca cerita pun macam kagum...coz depa boleh bina tembok gedabak besar, panjang, tinggi & tahan beribu tahun

camana la buruh2 binaan yg bina tembok tu dulu dalam keadaan cuaca yg sejuk...

peralatan pun x secanggih sekarang

digitalgunner

Kalo x salah aku ... tembok besar cina ni satu2 nye binaan manusia yg boleh nampak dari angkasa lepas dgn mata kasar ... tp byk la pendapat yg dispute menda ni ... ada astronaut yg claim nampak great wall ni dr earth orbit ... tp tatau la sejauh mane kebenaran dakwaan tu ... x pernah pegi ... maybe nnt bley tanye angkasawan negara ...

naen

Originally posted by digitalgunner at 11-12-2008 12:11 AM

Kalo x salah aku ... tembok besar cina ni satu2 nye binaan manusia yg boleh nampak dari angkasa lepas dgn mata kasar ... tp byk la pendapat yg dispute menda ni ... ada astronaut yg claim nampak great wall ni dr earth orbit ... tp tatau la sejauh mane kebenaran dakwaan tu ... x pernah pegi ... maybe nnt bley tanye angkasawan negara ...

pernah dengar gak pasal ni .. tapi ..



mana yek? (shot dari google map)

nanti aku cari lagik gegambor yg lain

naen

Great Wall of China from Space

"The Earth looked very beautiful from space, but I did not see our Great Wall," lamented China's first astronaut, Yang Liwei, after 21 hours in orbit last October. The comment triggered a round of news stories that implied the structure could not be seen by any astronaut, disappointing many Chinese who thought it was the only manmade structure visible from space.



This photo, released yesterday, was taken by the European Space Agency's Proba satellite on March 25. It shows a short stretch of the wall atop hills northeast of Beijing. The wall is highlighted in the upper right. (The lower left of the image is purposely washed out; it shows a stretch of engineered waterways called the Da Yunhe, or Grand Canal, a marvel all its own.)

Sure, spotting the Great Wall of China from space is easy with the right telescope and camera. But why couldn't China's new hero see it? He just didn't have enough time or the right conditions, it would seem.

"In Earth's orbit at a height of 160 to 320 kilometers [100-200 miles], the Great Wall of China is indeed visible to the naked eye," says astronaut Eugene Cernan.

A low angle of sunlight casting long shadows can help.

"You can see the Great Wall," confirms astronaut Ed Lu, who was the science officer of Expedition Seven on the International Space Station. The station circles Earth higher than Yang Liwei's orbit.

The misconception is wrapped up in broader myths about what is and what is not visible from space. For the record: No manmade structures on Earth can be seen with the unaided astronaut's eye from the Moon. But many things -- highways, dams and even large vehicles -- are easily spotted from Earth-orbit with no optical aids.

What's Really Visible from Space

There is a longstanding myth that the Great Wall of China is the only manmade object visible from space. It and several variations on the theme are great fodder for water cooler arguments. In reality, many human constructs can be seen from Earth orbit.


The latest astronaut photo of the pyramids was taken in August 2003 with a Kodak DCS760 digital camera equipped with an 800mm lens. [space.com]

Shuttle astronauts can see highways, airports, dams and even large vehicles from an Earth orbit that is about 135 miles (217 kilometers) high. Cities are clearly distinct from surrounding countryside, and that's true even from the higher perch of the International Space Station, which circles the planet at about 250 miles (400 kilometers) up.

"You can see an awful lot from space," says astronaut Ed Lu, the science officer of Expedition Seven aboard the station. "You can see the pyramids from space, especially with a pair of binoculars. They are a little difficult to pick out with just your eyes."

The naked eye can tell the difference between cities and countryside from space. And with a digital camera and 800mm lens, this view of Manhattan was obtained from the Space Station on April 28, 2001.

Egyptian pyramids have been photographed from space several times with standard digital cameras and high-powered lenses. The largest pyramid at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo, is 745 feet (227 meters) wide and 449 feet (137 meters) tall.

"With binoculars you can see an awful lot of things," Lu wrote via e-mail in fielding a question from an Earthbound space fan. "You can see roads. You can see harbors. You can even see ships; very large tankers on the ocean we can see using the binoculars."

There are some surprises, too.


The naked eye can tell the difference between cities and countryside from space. And with a digital camera and 800mm lens, this view of Manhattan was obtained from the Space Station on April 28, 2001. [space.com]

You can see airplane contrails, and occasionally at the end of an airplane contrail, you will see a glint of sunlight off the airplane," Lu says. "And very occasionally, you do see other satellites go by. It is kind of a neat thing to see."

There are of course places in space from which you can't notice how humans have sculpted the planet. Apollo astronauts could not make out manmade features from the Moon, for example. And from Mars, Earth would appear to the naked eye as nothing but a bright "star" in the night sky.

So what about the Great Wall of China?

"You can see the Great Wall," Lu says. But it's less visible than a lot of other objects. And you have to know where to look.

In fact stretches of the wall aren't even visible from China. They've been buried by sand for centuries. NASA has used space-based radar to map out hidden parts of the ancient structure. Lu is trying to get a picture of it, too, with a digital camera.

"The weather hasn't cooperated," he says. "There has been a lot of clouds and haze over that area since I've been trying. But I hope to be successful before I come back down."

(China Daily/Space.com)

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lagik satu
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Spaceman: China's Wall Not So Great
6:10am UK, Friday October 17, 2003

China's small leap forward in space travel has been followed by one giant gaffe.
Astronaut Yang Liwei returned home on Wednesday a national hero after becoming the first Chinese person to enter space.


Yang Liwei dispelled wall myth

But the public, and Communist leaders, were left nonplussed after he told state TV he could not see the Great Wall of China from space.

"Is it true you can see the Great Wall of China from space?" asked a TV interviewer.

"Er, no," he replied, a little embarrassed.

The Chinese have been proud of the fact that legend has it the 2,000-year-old wall is the only man-made object that can be seen from space.
Only it can't, according to Nasa.

They say their astronauts have failed to spot it and Liwei's assertion appears to be the final brick in the wall for the claim.
It is thought the myth may have begun during the early days of the space race.

Liwei, a 38-year-old fighter pilot, orbited the earth 14 times in his short 21-hour stay in space.
China is now only the third county to put a person in space.

naen

These spaceborne radar images show a segment of the Great Wall of China in a desert region of north-central China, about 700 kilometers (434 miles) west of Beijing. The wall appears as a thin orange band, running from the top to the bottom of the color image on the left. The black and white images on the right correspond to the area outlined by the box and represent the four radar channels of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C). Each channel is sensitive to different aspects of the terrain, including two generations of the Great Wall.

The L-band image (24 cm wavelength, horizontally transmitted and horizontally received polarizations) provides the clearest image of the two wall segments. The bright continuous line running from top to bottom in this image is the younger wall, built during the Ming Dynasty about 600 years ago. Immediately to the right of this wall is a bright discontinuous line that is the remnant of an older version of the wall, built during the Sui Dynasty, about 1500 years ago.

The two generations of the wall are seen less distinctly in the L-band image (horizontally transmitted, vertically received) and C-band image (6 cm wavelength, horizontally transmitted, horizontally received). Orchards and other trees lining a road parallel to the wall show up as bright rectangles on the these two images because the L and C channels are sensitive to complex vegetation structure. The Ming Dynasty wall is between 5 meters and 8 meters high (16 feet to 26 feet) in these areas. The entire wall is about 3,000 kilometers (1,864 miles) long, but only a 75-kilometer (45.5-mile) long segment is shown in this image.

The wall is easily detected from space by radar because its steep, smooth sides provide a prominent surface for reflection of the radar beam. Detection of the remnant Sui Dynasty wall by radar is allowing Chinese researchers to trace the former location of the wall across vast and remote areas. In some areas, the Sui wall is buried by sand that has been blown across the desert.

The images were acquired by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) onboard the space shuttle Endeavour on April 10, 1994. The left image is centered at 37.7 degrees north latitude and 107.5 degrees east longitude. North is toward the upper right. The left image shows an area 25 kilometers by 75 kilometers (15.5 miles by 45.5 miles), and the right images show an area 3.1 kilometers by 2.2 kilometers (1.9 miles by 1.4 miles).

The colors in the left image are assigned to different frequencies and polarizations of the radar as follows: red is L- band, horizontally transmitted, horizontally received; green is L-band, horizontally transmitted, vertically received; blue is C-band, horizontally transmitted, vertically received. SIR-C/X-SAR, a joint mission of the German, Italian and United States space agencies, is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth program.

+ source : visibleearth.nasa

naen

The Great Wall of China (Wanli Changcheng 萬里長城; literally "Ten Thousand Leagues Long Fortification" ) is one of the most outstanding buildings of mankind, sometimes called the eight world wonder and said to be the only human work that can be seen from the moon (which is, of course, not true).

The part of the Great Wall we can admire today north of Beijing, are the reconstructed remnants of the Ming Dynasty wall. But this wall is only the last wall-fortification in a long tradition of wall building.

The oldest fortification walls of China were erected as an instrument of defense between the kingdoms of the Warring States period from the 5th to the 3rd century BC, that means, to defend Chinese against Chinese, not against "barbarians", like later. Today, it is possible to reconstruct five of these inner-China walls: the walls of Qi 齊 (modern Shandong), Chu 楚 (modern Hubei), Qin 秦 (modern Shaanxi), Yan 燕 (modern Hebei), Zhao 趙 (modern Shanxi), and Wei 魏 (modern Henan).



Very famous is the Great Wall built by the First Emperor of Qin in 215 BC who was told by a magician that barbarians from the north would be able to attack his empire. The work to throw back the "barbarians" and to erect a defensive wall was undertaken by his general Meng Tian 蒙恬. Not much is left of this wall (we know a part made from unhewn stones near Baotou 包頭/Inner Mongolia), but we are able to trace back the course of his wall from Lintao 臨洮/Gansu to the Liaodong Peninsula 遼東/Liaoning that partially used older walls, especially in the east. Thousands of slaves and forced corv閑 workers are said to have died during the erection of the Qin wall - but we can imagine that the situation during the following dynasties was not very different.

The first very important walls are that of the Han Dynasty. The offensive foreign politics of Emperor Han Wudi lead to the opening of the "western corridor" to Inner Asia and the begin of an intense trade with the Central Asian countries. A traveller named Zhang Qian 張騫 was the first Chinese to discover the importance of these Inner Asian kingdoms. The trade route to the west is known as the Silkroad. Nomad tribes north of the Chinese empire, in modern Mongolia, steadily attacked the towns and market places of the border region.

To prevent the nomad tribes from their raids on Chinese soil, the Chinese government developed two kinds of political measures: tributary presents (heqin 和親 ) like silk, alcohol, later porcelain and tea, or even princesses, to appease the martial tribes; the second method was the offensive war undertaken by Emperor Han Wudi. His generals destroyed the mighty chieftain of the Xiongnu 匈奴 tribes, advanced into new territory and had erected defensive fortification walls in the years of 127 BC and 105 BC. These walls were very simply constructed with the main materials tamped loam, and straw.

The forts along the wall (the most important Han Dynasty fort is the Yumenguan Fort 玉門關/Gansu) were not only constructed to prohibit the northern barbarians to attack Chinese border towns. Signal towers had the objective to quickly inform a fort or the capital from a barbarian attack.

The third objective of the Han Dynasty walls was the protection of the markets along the road to the west like the newly founded commandery of Dunhuang 敦煌/Gansu, or the storehouse at Hecang 河藏/Gansu. To ensure the living of the troops along the wall-fortification, the soldiers were partially obliged to engage in agriculture, partially, peasants were resettled into the frontier-near military colonies (tuntian 屯田 ). The Han Dynasty wall reached far into the west, probably until Lake Lop Nur/Xinjiang (Chinese: Luobu Bo 羅布泊 ).

Less important - or less famous - are the walls of the Northern Wei Dynasty from the 5th century AD. After repelling the Rouran 柔然 nomads, walls were erected along the norther frontier of the Wei empire, a dynasty whose founders were barbarians themselves only a few centuries before. An official named Gao L

akumirul

wahh   maklumat lengkap nih.. thx..

tosei

aku dah sampai dah kt great wall...bila sampai je,memang aku terkedu dan kagum...cam x caya ja aku dah sampai kt great wall...memang aku kagum camna diorang zaman dulu leh wat wall ni..ngan bongkah2 yg besar dan berat....aku target kononnya nk naik lagi jauh......tp gila penat...tangga batu tu x sama saiz dan besar2...masa naik tu aku kena pegang dr tepi..xleh nk naik kt tengah2...rasa cam nk terbalik ke belakang... bila dah halfway tu,memang aku rasa cam give up....selangkah dua berenti.....selangkah dua berenti...jantung aku memang pam lajuuuu je....last2 membe aku kt blakang suh naik gak sebab bila lagi nk dtg kan..rugi oooo....dia follow dr blakang akku.....aku pon menggagahkan diri gak naik...bila sampai kt tower yg pertama tu,trus aku duduk.....memang merah muka aku.....adala lam 30 minit aku rehat...kensel trus nk naik lagi... ....tp yg aku heran tu,ada sorang pompuan ni leh pakai high heel...memang aku suspect tul aaaa....aku yg pakai sneakers pon cam nk terkeluar pala lutut.....pegang kamera pon tgn dok terketaq2 lagi.... ...bila nk turun,aku suh membe laki aku galas beg akku...x larat dah akku nk bawak....bila turun tu,cam org tua2 nk turun tangga..satu,satu,satu.... bila dah sampai kt bawah,ada jalan yg curam skit....lemah lutut trus........camna la org lain leh jalan lagi jauh......fuhhh......

tosei

time ni memang sesak gila....

tosei

tosei

masa tgh dok rehat2 kt bwh,ada family dr mana aku lupa...comel gila anak dia...group aku pon memain la ngan baby tu...ditambah ngan kehenseman bapak budak tu,ilang penat trus... kira berbaloi la aku naik great wall...

sory off topic...

smma

aku kagum betulla dgn hasil krja org dolu ni..

amazed

toseiii... tima kacih sbb share gambaq2 tu kat sini.... best aku tengok...tingat masa aku first time jejak kat great wall nih....  mmg terkedu !!

tosei

no problem punyooooo......

tp serius beb..sampai skang aku masih x percaya aku penah menjejakkan kaki ku di great wall ni...

tosei

anyway,trimas 4 credit...

amazed

Originally posted by tosei at 13-12-2008 02:19 AM
no problem punyooooo......

tp serius beb..sampai skang aku masih x percaya aku penah menjejakkan kaki ku di great wall ni...

mana lagi tempat ko penah pegi???  bley share informasi gak... kat tempat2 bersejarah ni  

nhuser

My Chinese friend from China said that all Chinese need to go climb the Great Wall and visit Mao Tse Tung's body before they die'