We show that, in contrast to the Taiwan homeland hypothesis, the Island Southeast Asians do not have a Taiwan origin based on their paternal lineages. Furthermore, we show that both Taiwan aborigines and Indonesians likely derived from the Daic populations based on their paternal lineages. These two populations seem to have evolved independently of each other. Our results indicate that a super-phylum, which includes Taiwan aborigines, Daic, and Malayo-Polynesians, is genetically educible.
Acong posted on 25-3-2013 12:13 AM
kan masa ice age babi dah ada...... takyah berenang jauh2 pung..........
babi ada byk jenis. ...
Dekat sini tunjuk 3 bentuk kajian yang saling menyokong:-
1. melalui budaya-memakan babi dan membawa ternakan
2. Bukti melalui Paternal Lineages...maksudnya melalui Y-chromosom
3. Bukti melalui Maternal Lineages....
Abstract
Studying the genetic history of the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia can provide crucial clues to the peopling of Southeast Asia as a whole. We have analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNAs) control-region and coding-region markers in 447 mtDNAs from the region, including 260 Orang Asli, representative of each of the traditional groupings, the Semang, the Senoi, and the Aboriginal Malays, allowing us to test hypotheses about their origins. All of the Orang Asli groups have undergone high levels of genetic drift, but phylogeographic traces nevertheless remain of the ancestry of their maternal lineages. The Semang have a deep ancestry within the Malay Peninsula, dating to the initial settlement from Africa >50,000 years ago. The Senoi appear to be a composite group, with approximately half of the maternal lineages tracing back to the ancestors of the Semang and about half to Indochina. This is in agreement with the suggestion that they represent the descendants of early Austroasiatic speaking agriculturalists, who brought both their language and their technology to the southern part of the peninsula approximately 4,000 years ago and coalesced with the indigenous population. The Aboriginal Malays are more diverse, and although they show some connections with island Southeast Asia, as expected, they also harbor haplogroups that are either novel or rare elsewhere. Contrary to expectations, complete mtDNA genome sequences from one of these, R9b, suggest an ancestry in Indochina around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by an early-Holocene dispersal through the Malay Peninsula into island Southeast Asia.
Possible Markers for a Neolithic Dispersal Out of Taiwan
Elsewhere, it has been claimed that haplogroup B4a1a1 (containing the Polynesian motif) represents an Austronesian signature because of its high frequency in Polynesia and the presence of one-step ancestral types in Taiwanese aboriginals.22–24 However, the people of Remote Oceania show unusual genetic patterns due to their recent ancestry and the numerous founder events that have occurred during their history. Because of this, certain mtDNA haplogroups, particularly B4a1a1, are raised to extremely high frequencies in Remote Oceania, but this does not appear to be the case in the rest of the Austronesian-speaking world. In this study, B4a1a1 was found to be relatively rare, making up only ～2% of the population as a whole and reaching a high of ～14% in Ambon. It is completely absent in most of ISEA and is not found further west of Wallace’s line than southeast Borneo. The clade in which it nests, B4a1a, is indeed restricted to Austronesian-speaking populations but is pre-Holocene in age,41 so that its participation in a mid-Holocene Out of Taiwan event can be ruled out.
A more plausible candidate as a potential signature for a mid-Holocene Out of Taiwan dispersal is M7c1c. It has been found in all locations studied in this investigation and accounts for ～8% of the ISEA sample. It has also been found in several Chinese individuals, and the clade from which it derives, M7c1, is most common in China. Furthermore, its starlike phylogeny suggests that it has undergone a population expansion through east and west Indonesia. However, the single founder mtDNA for M7c1c dates to ～8,000 years ago, which is older than would be expected from the traditional Out of Taiwan model. It also appears to be more diverse in Taiwan and Borneo than would be expected if it had arrived from China <6,000 years ago, and its frequency distribution (fig. 5B) centers on Borneo and Sulawesi, resembling that of haplogroup E (fig. 5A), which is more plausibly ascribed to postglacial dispersals. Therefore, although M7c1c is the best candidate we have found for a marker of the Out of Taiwan dispersal, it remains possible that it has been present in Taiwan and/or Borneo since the early Holocene and that its distribution is, in fact, the result of a mid-Holocene dispersal centered on Borneo.
The only other lineages that can be plausibly ascribed to a mid-Holocene Out of Taiwan event are within D5, Y2, and F1a*. The root type of D5 is most common in China and Taiwan and is also found in a few individuals from ISEA. Many ISEA samples belong to the subgroup D5d1, which dates to ～4,000 years ago in ISEA. The root type of this branch is not found in Taiwan, but three derived types are found there, suggesting that the root type may have been lost because of drift, and the absence of D5 from the Philippines may be due to insufficient sampling. F1a* includes two starlike subclades, F1a3 and F1a4, that, in their age and distribution, could be reconciled with a mid-Holocene dispersal from South China. The distribution and age of Y2 fits quite well with a proposed movement of some Neolithic groups south and west into Borneo and Sumatra from the Philippines.4
All told, these potential Out of Taiwan lineages (M7c1c, D5, Y2, F1a3, and F1a4) account for only ～20% of the current data set. This is superficially similar to the results found for the Y chromosome by Capelli et al.,30 who also found that ～20% of their ISEA sample could be accounted for by possible Taiwanese haplogroups (haplogroup O3, although Kayser et al.33 suggested that haplogroup O1 also took part in the dispersal, increasing the frequency of potential Out of Taiwan Y chromosomes). However, Y-chromosome studies to date suffer from poor phylogenetic resolution and should be interpreted with caution. The results of the present study suggest that if a mid-Holocene Neolithic migration did occur, it was—on the maternal side at least—demographically minor, contributing, at most, only a fifth of modern ISEA mtDNAs. That is, any Neolithic immigrants integrated into the resident population, rather than replacing it.9,13,74,75 Whether the putative immigrants can plausibly be assumed to have brought with them and imposed Austronesian languages9 or whether they themselves assimilated languages already spoken in ISEA would remain an open question.
Terdapat mtDNA dari orang asli Taiwan yang berhijrah ke Kepulauan Asia Tenggara...tapi hanya 20% iaitu penghijrahan secara kecil/minor
Acong posted on 25-3-2013 08:58 AM
alisan taiwan tak kira dah?
Tu dipanggil Out of Taiwan Model tapi dah dicabar oleh kajian dari Leeds University..katanya Mitochondria telah berevolusi sejak di Kepulauan Asia Tenggara lagi....so Polynesian dipercayai berasal dari Sundaland bukan dari Taiwan
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Post time 24-3-2013 05:38 PM
