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~MERGED~ History Turkey: Atarturk/Ottoman and Empire
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Originally posted by fly_in_d_sky at 10-9-2007 12:02 AM 
susah nak lawan
diorg nie da terbiasa sgt dgn kehidupan moden .......
tak tau melainkan ada penentangan secara besar-besaran .......
Sikit-sikit lama-lama jadi bukit |
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jauh nyer kau cari kat Forum cari macam-macam ada |
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Balas #163 HangPC2\ catat
aku baru secara aktif nyer jadi porumer kat sini..so tak familiar lagi dengan board2 kat sini.. |
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Post Last Edit by HangPC2 at 16-2-2010 11:01
Erdogan mahu batal larangan pakai tudung
Cadangan sebahagian daripada rombakan Perlembagaan Turki
ANKARA: Perdana Menteri Turki Tayyip Erdogan menyuarakan hasrat menarik balik pengharaman pemakaian tudung di universiti di negara yang majoriti penduduknya beragama Islam.
Beliau dipetik Financial Times berkata, cadangan itu adalah sebahagian daripada rombakan Perlembagaan Turki.
"Hak wanita mendapat pendidikan tidak seharusnya disekat hanya kerana ketrampilan mereka. Perkara itu tidak pernah wujud di kalangan masyarakat Barat, tetapi keadaan sebaliknya di sini. Sehubungan itu, saya percaya ia menjadi tanggungjawab utama ahli politik menyelesaikan masalah itu," katanya dalam temubual dengan akhbar itu di sini.
Kenyataan oleh pemimpin Parti Pembangunan dan Keadilan (AK) yang memerintah selepas meraih kemenangan besar mandat lima tahun dalam pilihan raya Julai lalu, dilihat boleh mencetuskan ketegangan baru dengan kelompok elit sekular, termasuk kalangan jeneral tentera.
Ini disebabkan jeneral tentera menuduh Erdogan sememangnya mahu memantapkan kedudukan Islam di Turki.
Pihak sekular sememangnya menganggap pemakaian tudung sebagai ancaman simbolik terhadap dasar lama Turki mengasingkan negara dan agama.
Mereka juga bimbang sebarang tindakan pembatalan pengharaman itu boleh memberi tekanan sosial terhadap wanita yang tidak menutup aurat untuk mula memakai tudung di Turki yang sememangnya didiami ramai umat Islam.
Bagaimanapun, Parti AK sudah menegaskan yang persoalan itu membabitkan hak kebebasan bersuara. Larangan pemakaian tudung di kampus dikuatkuasakan pada 1982 iaitu selepas berlakunya rampasan kuasa oleh pihak tentera.
Kerajaan Erdogan sudah berikrar menggantikan Perlembagaan era tentera dengan dokumen baru yang memberi tumpuan khusus kepada hak asasi individu dan kebebasan yang selaras dengan syarat ditetapkan Kesatuan Eropah (EU) blok yang ingin disertai Ankara.
"Kami mahukan Perlembagaan yang dapat memberi perlindungan serta jaminan yang negara itu berlandaskan undang-undang demokratik, sekular dan kepentingan sosial. Perlembagaan ini bakal meletakkan Turki di haluan sebenar dan sudah menjadi kewajipan kita membahaskannya serta membincangkannya dengan seberapa ramai rakyat," katanya.
Parti AK ketika ini membahaskan deraf teks yang dirangka sepasukan pakar undang-undang. Media tempatan sebaliknya berkata mereka masih bertelagah mengenai cara sesuai menyenaraikan isu tudung dalam Perlembagaan itu.
Pihak tentera yang sejak sekian lamanya menganggap dirinya sebagai penjamin mutlak peraturan sekular, sememangnya memantau debat itu dengan rapat. Malah, selain pihak tentera, pasaran saham Turki juga tidak terkecuali melihat perkembangan itu.
- Reuters-
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Reply #1 fly_in_d_sky's post
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Pengkhianat kerajaan Ottoman, mmg patut kematiannya penuh keaiban... |
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politik turki menarik.polisi mereka x pernah konsisten. warna warni. A naik,haram tudung,B naik halal tudung,C naik halal tudung lanun jek,D naik kena tutup muka,E naik..terus mati...hehe |
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Originally posted by jkkkj at 10-7-2007 04:42 PM 
Apa pendapat korang kalau aku pakai baju pesen Dracula cam yang Attarturk pakai dalam gambar tu masa majlis
persandingan aku aku nanti?
Hehehe...aku punya ketinggian 160cm la.
Hehehe...ok tak kalau aku pakai baju pesen Dracula masa hari persandingan aku nanti? |
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huh 
abis jugak aku baca 3 hari beb ....
tq 4 info ... |
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Post Last Edit by HangPC2 at 16-2-2010 11:00
Gejala Sosiol (Korupsi / Homosesual) dalam Angkatan Turki Uthmaniyah
Robert Plant's The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homsexuality
The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Name - Bill Woerlee
In the Edwardian era, when sexual issues were rarely discussed, even less was written to provide records of these attitudes. Society considered some practices, like homosexuality, as so heinous that imprisonment was the only answer. For survival in a hostile environment and in an effort to communicate their desires with each other, men invented various code words. The description of being Harnest, as popularised by Oscar Wilde in his play The Importance of Being Ernest, had similar cache then as the word day has now. Confirmed bachelor was another euphemism. Apart from a few sensational scandals, no one knew the real extent of this hidden behaviour.
When the AIF began recruiting men, no one addressed the issue of homosexuality or set out a policy to deal with its implications. To the average earnest man, the lure of an all-male institution would have been irresistible. There is every indication that such men would have been over represented within the AIF in relation to the broader community. Despite social disapproval, very few men were punished for homosexual behaviour, which seems to indicate an attitude of tolerance in the AIF so long as the conduct was not obvious. The key to understanding this attitude was embodied in the Empire acceptance of the British Generalissimo, Lord Kitchener, a homosexual with an entourage of like-minded men. Turning a lind eyes seemed the only sane policy.
For those few who were detected, action was swift. Two cases in the Light Horse, that of Pte Charles Hendrick, 9th LHR and Pte Norman Benjamin Marshall of the 7th LHR, outline the consequences of being noticed. Both were discharged from the AIF for the same reason but their motivations were entirely different.
Pte Charles Hendrick came from Wellington, New Zealand. He signed up for service in the 9th LHR on 14 December 1914 with the 1st Reinforcements. As a former stockman, he was short and wiry in build. His swarthy appearance was a result of miscegenation. During attestation, apart from all the usual detail, the medical examiner also noted a tattoo on his left buttock.
Hendrick left Melbourne for Egypt on 6 February 1915 with the "Surada". While military life in Egypt was always demanding, at Mena Camp and then Heliopolis, duties were usually over by early afternoon. Ample leave for the balance of the day was always available and only denied if the man was assigned to specific camp duties. For Hendrick, the offerings of Egypt became so spellbinding that he never wanted to leave. With the forced departure from Alexandria with the 9th LHR to take part in the Peninsular Campaign at Anzac, Hendrick disappeared. He hid around all the seedy bars and hotels of Alexandria as a vagrant to avoid capture. His task was not too difficult as there was a vigorous black market trade in fake identity papers for deserters. It took until 13 June and a tip-off for the Provos to find and arrest him. Within days he was put on board a ship for Anzac where he arrived on 16 June accompanied by 21 days loss of pay and 10 days, No 2 Field Punishment, for his pains. At Anzac, Hendrick began to serve out his sentence. Unhappy with his circumstances, a couple days later Hendrick did something so rash on 18 June that it earned him 21 days, No 1 Field Punishment, a rarity for the AIF.
The Turkish attack on 30 June 1915 was enough for Hendrick. For him, Idriess summed up Anzac as: If all the *****s of places this is the greatest ***** in the world. Hendrick wanted out from Anzac. He had tried nearly everything but still remained. One last attempt. He had to go for the big one. On 1 July, Hendrick offered to sodomise another soldier in the trenches. It was an action that brought the reward of a quick arrest by the Brigade police, a rapid transfer to Alexandria on 7 July, and there, held in detention until taken under guard to Australia, where he was immediately discharged on the day of his arrival. For Hendrick, the war was over. The Army gave the bureaucratic equivalent of Slipping the bird by stripping Hendrick of any medal entitlements despite having served, however unwillingly, in a declared war zone for two weeks.
A few years later, on 25 October 1918, Hendrick rejoined the AIF. The war ended before he could serve overseas again. Hendrick was not beyond lying to the authorities. Upon signing the Attestation Papers in 1914, he put his age as being 35 and yet in 1918 claimed his age was 36, a truly miraculous feat. While Hendrick may have been discharged because of cross indecency, the nature of his behaviour indicates it was less a consequence of any lifestyle choice and more a motivation to leave Gallipoli by any means possible provided that it did not include sustaining hideous wounds or dying.
The case of Pte Norman Benjamin Marshall from the 7th LHR is quantifiably different from Hendrick. Marshall was a 21 year old dealer from Ryde when he joined up with the 7th LHR on 24 April 1917. He stood at 1.63m and weighed 60kg, a thin man with blue eyes and light brown hair. It would also be fair to say that while Marshall might have been an enthusiastic soldier he could not be described as one of Australia finest. He took a long time to be considered as an efficient soldier, indeed, it took seven months. The cohort in which he signed up with at the RAS Showgrounds in Sydney had already gone to Egypt with the 31st Reinforcements. By November he was considered to be efficient enough to be taken into the 7th LHR with the 34th Reinforcements.
When he arrived in Egypt, he spent a month at the Reinforcements camp before being transferred to the 2nd LH Bde Training Regiment. He stayed there for two weeks, when at the end of March 1918, he received an attachment to the Army version of the no hoper squad, the Railway Construction Unit. It was hoped that by a regime of hard work and rough company, Marshall might be transformed from a Mummy Boy into a man. A month of manly struggle later brought on a case of tonsillitis, which resulted in the hospitalisation of Marshall for over two months. After another spell in the Training Regiment, Marshall finally joined the 7th LHR on 9 July 1918, some 15 months after he enlisted.
If Marshall thought he was a welcome figure, he soon found otherwise. Within three days he was sent off for yet more training, this time a month. He was a man who appeared to need a great deal of training. When Marshall returned to Richon de Zion, no more training schools prepared to take him on as a student. Reluctantly, the 7th LHR admitted him into its ranks. Finally Marshall was set to work albeit with the supporting echelon at Richon de Zion where the ANZAC Mounted Divisions headquarters was located, rather than with the Regiment proper which at the resting at Bethlehem.
Within a week, Marshall had already found that there was a vibrant homosexual community at Richon de Zion. He participated in all its activities with the vigour of an enthusiastic young man. On the night of 24 July 1918, his enthusiastic participation came to the notice of the authorities when the Divisional Police caught him in the act of sodomising one of the local lads. Marshall was arrested. No one knew what to do with him. Chauvel interviewed Marshall and concluded that a trial would do no one any good. The last thing Chauvel needed was a scandal blowing up right at the moment when he was planning for the September break out. To avoid any inconvenience, Marshall was placed under guard, sent to Egypt and then Australia, where he was discharged on 3 October 1918. Unlike Hendrick, Marshall received his full medal entitlements.
In both these cases the men were returned to Australia and discharged on landing at the Military District of embarkation. They faced no trial, just rapid removal from the Army. If there was a policy on handling the problems of homosexuality in the AIF, it was to silently rid the institution of any known activity. The AIF appears not to have had the ability to cope with the fallout that might have arisen due to any Wilde like trial. It would appear as though there was very real ambivalence in the senior ranks towards this issue. No one really knew what actions to take due to the lack of official policy. Sending them home appeared to be the safest solution.
For the AIF, an absence of a formal policy meant doing nothing so long as no one said or did anything to bring homosexuality to the notice of the authorities. It was a policy that the Army took into this century some 90 years later. The legal barriers may be down but this issue is still controversiol within the Army, with little progressing beyond Hendrick and Marshall. Maybe it is time for acceptance of social realities and some creative thinking and within the Army. It is a subject that people ignore at their peril.
Sources : http://forum.axishistory.com
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Boleh pakai tudung di universiti - Parlimen
ANKARA 9 Feb. - Parlimen Turki hari ini telah mengundi menarik balik pengharaman pemakaian tudung di universiti dalam keputusan yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelumnya, ketika terdapat bantahan besar-besaran daripada golongan berfahaman sekular.
Pindaan perlembagaan itu telah diluluskan dengan undian 411 menyokong berbanding 103 menentang oleh Parlimen yang dikuasai secara majoriti oleh Parti AK.
''Cadangan pindaan telah diluluskan. Saya berharap ia dilakukan demi kepentingan Turki dan dilaksanakan atas semangat toleransi dan tanda perdamaian,'' kata speaker Parlimen, Koksal Toptan kepada ahli-ahli Parlimen selepas pengundian dijalankan.
Sementara itu, berpuluh ribu rakyat Turki mengibarkan bendera mereka dan melaungkan slogan sekular sebagai protes terhadap perubahan berkenaan hanya beberapa kilometer dari Parlimen di tengah Ankara.
Perdana Menteri Tayyip Erdogan dari Parti AK, berkata, pengharaman pemakaian tudung merupakan satu penafian yang tidak adil terhadap hak asasi individu dan kebebasan beragama di Turki yang mana dua pertiga wanitanya menutup kepala mereka.
- Agensi / Utusan Malaysia -
Parlimen Turki sokong tarik larangan bertudung
ANKARA: Parlimen Turki semalam mengundi menyokong pindaan perlembagaan bagi menarik balik larangan memakai tudung di universiti, walaupun dibantah keras kumpulan sekular negara itu.
Undian 411 menyokong dan 103 menentang membolehkan pindaan perlembagaan dilakukan dengan menambah satu paragraf menyatakan setiap orang mempunyai hak mendapat layanan sama rata dan tiada siapa boleh dihalang daripada mendapatkan hak untuk pendidikan lebih tinggi.
Pindaaan itu perlu dipersetujui Presiden Abdullah Gul, seorang Muslim yang taat dan dijangka tidak mempunyai masalah untuk menandatangani pindaan itu.
Berpuluh ribu rakyat Turki menunjuk perasaan di Ankara membantah pindaan itu dan menggesa kerajaan memerintah meletak jawatan.
Seorang ahli parlimen menyifatkan penarikan balik larangan itu sebagai hukuman mati kepada republik sekular itu dan bakal menimbulkan kekecohan di universiti.
Pemakaian tudung sejak sekian lama dilarang di unversiti di Turki yang mempunyai majoriti penduduk Muslim tetapi kuat berpegang kepada sistem sekular.
Bagaimanapun Perdana Menteri Recep Tayyip Erdogan menyifatkan larangan itu sebagai ujian kepada wanita Islam yang terpaksa membuka tudung ketika memasuki universiti.
- AP / Berita Harian -
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pensyarah aku sendiri ckp si Kamal Attartuk ni diktator pada zaman pemerintahannya. Kurang sikit je tahap dia dari Hitler. I guess mungkin sebb dia tak dapat banyak kasih syg masa kecik kut! Hehehe |
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History of Turkey Ottoman Empire
Allah mangajar manusia untuk mengambil apa sahaja sebagai contoh, sehinggalah kepada sekecil nyamuk. Seperti dipaparkan di dalam Al Quran, sesungguhnya pada binatang, tumbuhan dan benda (kesemuanya sebahagian dari Alam) terdapat banyak contoh bagi manusia yang berfikir dan sentiasa mengingatiNya. Maka dengan berfikiran selari, kita dapat memanfaatkan segalah yang ditarbiahkan Allah melalui Alam. Menjadikan cerita sebagai contoh dalam menyampaikan kefahaman sesama manusia, sememangnya sangat berkesan dan berhasil. Bagimana terawang-awangnya cerita yang mungkin dipaparkan, dengan pengalaman dan kebijaksanaan menjejaki bumi, cerita tersebut boleh menghasilkan asas persekitaran pencerita. Membaca yang tersirat mungkin mengarah kepada kesilapan, tetapi lebih baik dari tidak dapat membaca. Lagenda adalah sebahagian dari fakta membentuk sejarah....
Empayar Turki Uthmaniyyah (Turki Uthmaniyyah) keluarga Bani Osmani ini adalah sebahagian kecil dari keseluruhan suku-suku bangsa Turki yang dikenali sebagai bangsa Turki yang masuk ke Asia Kecil semenjak abad ke sebelas yang lalu. Bangsa ini adalah pemimpin-pemimpin yang terus-menerus berjuang menentang Byzantine, terutama setelah mereka bergerak ke barat laut Anatolia di abad ke-13. Pengikut-pengikutnya direputasikan sebagai ghazi atau lebih mudah dikenali sebagai parajurit yang berjuang memerangi Kristian kerana jihad untuk menegakkan Islam, dan mengecapi kejayaan. Di sinilah wujudnya empayar atau kerajaan Uthmaniah, yang menampung kerajaan-kerajaan kecil bangsa Turki yang lain. Pemerintah Uthmaniyyah melihat diri mereka sebagai "pemerintah universal" dan waris kepada Empayar Rom dan Islam, maka terjadilah "penyatuan kebudayaan".
Pada tahun 1357 mereka menyeberangi Dardenalles menuju ke semenanjung Gallipoli dan sebelum akhir abad ke-14 mereka telah menduduki beberapa kawasan dibawah kerajaan Byzantine, termasuk Yunani dan Bulgaria. Constantinople (kemudian ditukar nama kepada Istanbul) jatuh ke tangan kerajaan Uthmaniah pada tahun 1453. Pada tahun 1526 sebagian besar wilayah Hungary telahpun berada di bawah kekuasaan Uthmaniah.
Kerajaan Uthmaniah mempunyai angkatan laut yang handal di Lautan Tengah dan melaksanakan tugasnya dalam perang dengan Sepanyol dan kuasa-kuasa Eropah yang lain. Algeria segera mereka kuasai dan akhirnya menambahkan Tunisia sebagai wilayah kerajaan Uthmaniah. Uthmaniah juga melanjutkan peluasan kuasanya dengan menuju ke bahagian tenggara, menduduki Iraq dan bahagian-bahagian wilayah Arab yg lain.
Bagi bangsa Eropah Barat, kemajuan Uthmaniah merupakan keganasan Islam. Dengan ini mereka menegaskan bahawa Islam adalah agama kekejaman dan agama pedang yang menakutkan. Maka tidak hairanlah pada tahun 1542, Dewan Kota Praja Basel di Switzerland membekukan penerbitan terjemahan Al Qur'an yang diterjemahkan oleh Robert dari Ketton. Dewan Kota Praja ini membantah dengan mengatakan "dongeng dan bid'ah yang dibuat-buat" dalam Al Qur'an itu akan mengganggu penganut Kristian Pada akhir abad ke-17, kelemahan kerajaan Uthmaniyah mulai terserlah selepas satu setengah abad berkuasa. Pengepungan ke atas Vienna di tahun 1683 turut menemui kegagalan dan kerajaan Uthmaniah kini pula menghadapi Persekutuan dari Austria, Poland, Venice dan Paus, dan bangsa Russia.
[ Last edited by anakencana at 17-11-2008 05:08 PM ] |
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Semenjak tahun 1699 mereka telah banyak menemui kekalahan dan di dalam perjanjian damai Karlovitz, Uthmaniah harus mempersetujui penyerahan wilayah-wilayahnya kepada Austria, Vennice dan Poland. Walaupun demikian, mereka tetap mempertahankan hak mereka di bahagia tenggara Eropah, termasuk pantai barat dan utara Laut Hitam. Namun pada abad ke-19, kerajaan Uthmaniah kembali kehilangan sebahagian besar dari wilayah taklukkannya yang dimulai dengan kemerdekaan Yunani pada tahun 1829 dan pendudukan Perancis ke atas Algeria pada tahn 1830. Kerajaan Uthmaniah menjadi "the sick man of Europe" iaitu Orang Eropah yang sakit dan hanya persaingan mereka inilah yang mencegah terjadinya perpecahan-perpecahan yang dahulunya pernah terjadi. Setelah kekalahannya dalam Perang Dunia I di tahun 1912-1919, semua wilayah ini masih tetap berada di bawah Kerajaan Uthmaniah, dengan wilayah Eropahnya adalah kawasan di sekitar Istanbul meluas sampai ke sebelah utara Edirne (Adrianople) dan ke barat sampai ke Gallipoli. Bangsa Turki di bawah kekuasaan Mustafa Kamal Ataturk telah menghapuskan nama Kerajaan Uthmaniah pada 1922 dan diganti dengan Republik Turki. Wilayah-wilayah jajahan di Asia dan Afrika dahulu telah hilang kecuali Anatolia yang masih berada di wilayah Republik Turki ini. |
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Post time 14-9-2007 11:19 PM
