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[Tempatan]
Jika anda seorang india, adakah anda akan rasa terhina jika orang panggil anda K
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Kene -98 dak ni?  |
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Kompom tidak, @AceHand telah bersekongkol dgn akak dlm pembukaan poll ini....
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Aku melayu.. Jadi aku x tau perasaan india.. |
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Modngengade replied at 21-1-2020 01:49 PM
Kompom tidak, @AceHand telah bersekongkol dgn akak dlm pembukaan poll ini....
Harap akak buka poll kalo aku cine marah tak pggil sepet.. |
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dorang ni semua benda nak sentap. tak boleh sambut pongal bersama pun sentap...
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KUALA LUMPUR: Mahkamah Tinggi di sini hari ini memerintahkan bahawa penggunaan istilah 'keling' dalam Kamus Dewan Edisi Ketiga dibenarkan kerana ianya adalah untuk tujuan pembelajaran.
Hakim Lau Bee Lan, yang memutuskan demikian dalam kamar, kemudian menolak rayuan Angkatan Pelopor India Muslim Selangor dan Wilayah Persekutuan (APIM) terhadap keputusan Penolong Pendaftar Kanan (SAR) Mahkamah Tinggi, Nik Isfahanie Tasnim Wan Abdul Rahman.
Pada 29 Disember, 2006, Nik Tsfahanie Tasnim membenarkan permohonan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) untuk membatalkan saman pemula terhadapnya berhubung istilah 'keling' yang difailkan oleh APIM yang didakwa menghina masyarakat India di negara ini.
Menurut peguam DBP Md Radzi Mustafa, hakim Lau dalam penghakimannya juga menyatakan penggunaan istilah 'keling' dalam kamus itu bukan 'mala fide' (niat jahat) kepada mana-mana pihak dan DBP hanya melaksanakan tanggungjawab yang ditetapkan.
Katanya hakim juga berpendapat saman pemula APIM itu adalah mudah dan tidak mempunyai peluang untuk berjaya.
Ditanya sama ada istilah 'keling' masih digunakan dalam kamus edisi keempat, Md Radzi ia masih digunakan tanpa sebarang contoh perkataan.
Pada 22 Disember 2005, Pengerusi APIM Ramli @ Mohd Othman Ravinthranath Abdullah menyaman DBP dan lima yang lain berhubung istilah tersebut.
Dalam saman pemula itu, Ramli menamakan DBP, Ketua Pengarah DBP, Menteri Pendidikan, Menteri Keselamatan Dalam Negeri, syarikat pencetak Harian (Zulfadzli) Sdn Bhd dan Kerajaan Malaysia sebagai defendan.
Antara lain, Ramli memohon supaya istilah itu dipadamkan dari kamus tersebut.
Pada 28 Februari, 2005, DBP mengemukakan permohonan bagi membatalkan saman itu atas alasan istilah itu dalam Kamus Dewan Edisi Ketiga bukan bertujuan jahat, menimbulkan kacau-bilau, menganggu keamanan, merangsang rasa benci, permusuhan, dendam, tidak harmoni atau perpecahan seperti yang didakwa oleh APIM.
Dalam afidavit sokongan bagi membatalkan saman itu, Timbalan Ketua Pengarah DBP, Abu Bakar Mohamad mendakwa APIM tidak mempunyai 'locus standi' (hak di sisi undangundang) untuk mengemukakan saman tersebut bagi pihak kaum India Muslim.
APIM diwakili oleh peguam Priyadarshini Nair. BERNAMA
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kalau aku india, panggil india lah. apasal mahu pusing pusing macam kuih maruku |
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aku suka mkn kuih telinga keling |
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Modngengade replied at 21-1-2020 01:59 PM
KUALA LUMPUR: Mahkamah Tinggi di sini hari ini memerintahkan bahawa penggunaan istilah 'keling' dala ...
Kalo sebut kasta boleh tal |
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Lot.. Yg tu sentap bukan kata keling gila..
Dulu india pun dipanggil benua Keling.. Depa x tau ka.. Chit podahh |
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akak pula suke mkn ubi keling, jambu keling dan pisang keling
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Aku punya Mowang nama dia Keling.. sebab Arwah nenek sebelah bapak aku nama dia Halijah Bte Keling..
So tgk pada Tonasi sebutan keling tu.. |
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perkataan keling ni macam dipaksa terima pakai supaya menjadi perkataan sejati sebab bangsa lain memang sudah sebati dengan sebutan itu. nak tak nak kena kena masukkan dalam kamus.
haa cer masukkan babi ke dalam kamus untuk rujuk kepada manusia sebab babi pun perkataan murni untuk rujuk individu; namun begitu nama babi itu sendiri pula dirujuk sebagai khinzir sebagai menghormati babi. babi pun tak mahu nama babi kalau dibacakan dalam berita tv/arus perdana. |
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istilah babi masih ada dalam kamus DBP sister...so ikut suka nk guna khinzir/babi/cadbury
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keling ; dirujuk kepada individu
babi ; dirujuk kepada individu
kemaskinikan kamus
itu maksud aku |
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Apa sejarah perkataan Keling? |
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Keling (pronounced [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help PA/Malay][kəliŋ][/url]) or Kling is a word used in parts of Southeast Asia to denote a person of the Indian subcontinent.[1] This includes both those from India and overseas Indians. In modern colloquial usage it is commonly not capitalised. The term is used in the Malay Archipelago — specifically Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei — but cognates exist in neighbouring countries as well. Although the early definition was neutral and linked to the historical Kalinga kingdom of Eastern India,[2] its use in later history came to be perceived as a derogatory term to refer to people of Indian descent, especially in Malaysia.[3]
Contents
EtymologyThe word Keling derives from the ancient Indian kingdom of Kalinga. While this was apparently sometimes localized as Kalingga (as in the Indonesian Kalingga Kingdom), the terminal schwa sound was dropped in common usage to form Keling. Though ostensibly denoting the Kalinga kingdom, the term Keling in ancient Southeast Asia came to be a more general term for India and its people. The Khmer word Kleng (ក្លិង្គ) and the Thai word Khaek (แขก) derived from the same root. Prior to the introduction of the English word "India", Keling and Jambu Dwipa were used to refer to the country in the Malay and Indonesian language, while Benua Keling referred to the Indian Subcontinent.
UsageThe earliest known occurrence of the word Keling appears in the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals).[4] The legend mentions Raja Shulan as the king of Kalingga who sets out to conquer China with his descendant Raja Chulan. Scholars identify Raja Chulan with the Chola king of southern India,[5] from whom the term Chulia derives, as in Penang's Chulia Street. Later parts of the Sejarah Melayu mention the voyages of Hang Nadim and Hang Tuah to Benua Keling (India). However Keling must not be misunderstood as a specific territory, rather it refers to people of Indian origin and not only the inhabitants of Kalinga.[4] For example, a colonial-era Indonesian tradition refers to the Ramayana epic as Rama Keling meaning "Rama the Indian".[6] After the introduction of Islam, Keling sometimes referred specifically to Tamils or Telugu people while Gujaratis and Indo-Aryan peoples from Pakistan were often confused with Parsi or Persians.[7]
The Dutch used the words "Clings" and "Klingers" to refer to the Indian inhabitants of Malacca. The British colonial writings also use the word "Kling" to describe the immigrants from Madras Presidency and Coromandel coast.[4] John Crawfurd (1856) mentioned that the term "Kling" was used by the Malays and the Javanese as "a general term for all the people of Hindustan (North India), and for the country India itself".[8]
The 16th-century Portuguese traveller Castanheda wrote of the Keling community in Melaka in the period between 1528-1538:[9]
In the northern part [of the city of Malacca] live merchants known as Quelins [Klings — a name applied to South Indians]; in this part the town is much larger than at any other. There are at Malacca, many foreign merchants ...
In its early usage Keling was a neutral term for people of Indian origin,[10] but was perceived negatively beginning in the 20th century due to various socio-political factors. From the mid-1900s, words denoting ethnic origin were used derogatively in Malay to imply immigrant status. Consequently more neutral language was chosen for political correctness. This can be observed in the book Cherita Jenaka, where the term orang Keling (Keling people) in the 1960 edition was changed to orang India (Indian people) in the 1963 edition.[11]
MalayThe word Keling has been used variously within the Malay community to mean Indian, Tamil, or south Indian. The title "Kapitan Keling" was used for a representative of an Indian community, similar to the "Kapitan Cina" of a Chinese community. In early Penang of the 1790s the Kapitan Keling was Cauder Mohideen who, together with the Kapitan Cina Koh Lay Huan and other prominent members of the community, formed the first Committee of Assessors to decide the rates and collection of taxes.[12] This usage is preserved is the name of the Kapitan Keling Mosque, a prominent Penang landmark.
In many modern cases Keling is used as a derogatory term.[10] It was used in 2005 by Members of Parliament in Malaysia because of misconception about Indian ethnics, which resulted in an uproar accusing the MPs of racism.[13]
JavaneseTraditionally in Java, Indonesia, Keling is linked with India while Kalingga refers to the 6th century Kalingga Kingdom, which ultimately derived from the Indian Kalinga kingdom. It can possibly have other meanings, such as "ship". Rivets used to connect metals are called paku keling or "blunt nail" (however, it came from Dutch klinknagel).[14] in modern colloquial Indonesian, it is sometimes used to refer to any dark-skinned person, a stereotype of southern Indians,[15] though this usage is considered offensive.
CambodianIn Cambodia, the slang term for Indian people is Kleng (ក្លិង្គ),[16] also derived from the kingdom of Kalinga and cognate with the Malay Keling or Kling. It may also be used as a nickname for people who have stereotypically Indian features such as big eyes and dark skin.[17]
ThaiThe equivalent of Keling in the Thai language is Khaek (แขก). It is a generic term referring to anyone from South Asia. The term generally has no negative connotation and is used even in polite or formal communication. However, outside influence and confusion with Mughals and Indian Muslims has broadened the meaning in modern times to include certain predominantly Muslims communities, particularly Persians and Arabs. This extended meaning is considered inaccurate and at times rejected as derogatory, especially by Thai Muslims, but has become increasingly widespread.
ChineseThe phrases Keling-a (Hokkien; 吉寧仔; POJ: Ki-lêng-á[18]), Keling-yan (Cantonese; 吉寧人; Yale: gat-lìhng-yan), and Keling-kia (Teochew) are frequently used within the Chinese community in Malaysia and Singapore. As with the Malay word these were not originally offensive today may be used in either a derogatory or non-derogatory manner: e.g., in Penang Hokkien, which is spoken by some Indians in Penang, Keling-a is the only word that exists to refer to ethnic Indians.
The Hokkien and Teochew suffixes -a and -kia are diminutives that are generally used to refer to non-Chinese ethnic groups, while "-yan" mean human.
Names of placesVarious place names in Malaysia contain the word Keling for historical reasons, e.g. Tanjong Keling.,[19] Kampong Keling,[20] and Bukit Keling, etc.
In Penang, the Kapitan Keling Mosque, situated on the corner of Buckingham Street and Jalan Masjid Kapitan Keling (Pitt Street), is one of the oldest mosques in George Town. Various other Penang Hokkien street names contain the word Keling, e.g. Kiet-leng-a Ban-san (Chowrasta Road), Kiet-leng-a Ke (King Street/Market Street).
In Singapore, there is a road in Jurong Industrial Estate called Tanjong Kling Road which is probably derived from the word 'Keling'.
In Jepara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, there is a subdistrict called Keling. Locals link the location with the 6th century Kalingga Kingdom. In Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, there is a place called Pacar Keling meaning "Keling lover".
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Keling (pronounced [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HelpPA/Malay][kəliŋ][/url]) or Kling is a word used in parts of Southeast Asia to denote a person of the Indian subcontinent.[1] This includes both those from India and overseas Indians. In modern colloquial usage it is commonly not capitalised. The term is used in the Malay Archipelago — specifically Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei — but cognates exist in neighbouring countries as well. Although the early definition was neutral and linked to the historical Kalinga kingdom of Eastern India,[2] its use in later history came to be perceived as a derogatory term to refer to people of Indian descent, especially in Malaysia.[3]
Contents
EtymologyThe word Keling derives from the ancient Indian kingdom of Kalinga. While this was apparently sometimes localized as Kalingga (as in the Indonesian Kalingga Kingdom), the terminal schwa sound was dropped in common usage to form Keling. Though ostensibly denoting the Kalinga kingdom, the term Keling in ancient Southeast Asia came to be a more general term for India and its people. The Khmer word Kleng (ក្លិង្គ) and the Thai word Khaek (แขก) derived from the same root. Prior to the introduction of the English word "India", Keling and Jambu Dwipa were used to refer to the country in the Malay and Indonesian language, while Benua Keling referred to the Indian Subcontinent.
UsageThe earliest known occurrence of the word Keling appears in the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals).[4] The legend mentions Raja Shulan as the king of Kalingga who sets out to conquer China with his descendant Raja Chulan. Scholars identify Raja Chulan with the Chola king of southern India,[5] from whom the term Chulia derives, as in Penang's Chulia Street. Later parts of the Sejarah Melayu mention the voyages of Hang Nadim and Hang Tuah to Benua Keling (India). However Keling must not be misunderstood as a specific territory, rather it refers to people of Indian origin and not only the inhabitants of Kalinga.[4] For example, a colonial-era Indonesian tradition refers to the Ramayana epic as Rama Keling meaning "Rama the Indian".[6] After the introduction of Islam, Keling sometimes referred specifically to Tamils or Telugu people while Gujaratis and Indo-Aryan peoples from Pakistan were often confused with Parsi or Persians.[7]
The Dutch used the words "Clings" and "Klingers" to refer to the Indian inhabitants of Malacca. The British colonial writings also use the word "Kling" to describe the immigrants from Madras Presidency and Coromandel coast.[4] John Crawfurd (1856) mentioned that the term "Kling" was used by the Malays and the Javanese as "a general term for all the people of Hindustan (North India), and for the country India itself".[8]
The 16th-century Portuguese traveller Castanheda wrote of the Keling community in Melaka in the period between 1528-1538:[9]
In the northern part [of the city of Malacca] live merchants known as Quelins [Klings — a name applied to South Indians]; in this part the town is much larger than at any other. There are at Malacca, many foreign merchants ...
In its early usage Keling was a neutral term for people of Indian origin,[10] but was perceived negatively beginning in the 20th century due to various socio-political factors. From the mid-1900s, words denoting ethnic origin were used derogatively in Malay to imply immigrant status. Consequently more neutral language was chosen for political correctness. This can be observed in the book Cherita Jenaka, where the term orang Keling (Keling people) in the 1960 edition was changed to orang India (Indian people) in the 1963 edition.[11]
MalayThe word Keling has been used variously within the Malay community to mean Indian, Tamil, or south Indian. The title "Kapitan Keling" was used for a representative of an Indian community, similar to the "Kapitan Cina" of a Chinese community. In early Penang of the 1790s the Kapitan Keling was Cauder Mohideen who, together with the Kapitan Cina Koh Lay Huan and other prominent members of the community, formed the first Committee of Assessors to decide the rates and collection of taxes.[12] This usage is preserved is the name of the Kapitan Keling Mosque, a prominent Penang landmark.
In many modern cases Keling is used as a derogatory term.[10] It was used in 2005 by Members of Parliament in Malaysia because of misconception about Indian ethnics, which resulted in an uproar accusing the MPs of racism.[13]
JavaneseTraditionally in Java, Indonesia, Keling is linked with India while Kalingga refers to the 6th century Kalingga Kingdom, which ultimately derived from the Indian Kalinga kingdom. It can possibly have other meanings, such as "ship". Rivets used to connect metals are called paku keling or "blunt nail" (however, it came from Dutch klinknagel).[14] in modern colloquial Indonesian, it is sometimes used to refer to any dark-skinned person, a stereotype of southern Indians,[15] though this usage is considered offensive.
CambodianIn Cambodia, the slang term for Indian people is Kleng (ក្លិង្គ),[16] also derived from the kingdom of Kalinga and cognate with the Malay Keling or Kling. It may also be used as a nickname for people who have stereotypically Indian features such as big eyes and dark skin.[17]
ThaiThe equivalent of Keling in the Thai language is Khaek (แขก). It is a generic term referring to anyone from South Asia. The term generally has no negative connotation and is used even in polite or formal communication. However, outside influence and confusion with Mughals and Indian Muslims has broadened the meaning in modern times to include certain predominantly Muslims communities, particularly Persians and Arabs. This extended meaning is considered inaccurate and at times rejected as derogatory, especially by Thai Muslims, but has become increasingly widespread.
ChineseThe phrases Keling-a (Hokkien; 吉寧仔; POJ: Ki-lêng-á[18]), Keling-yan (Cantonese; 吉寧人; Yale: gat-lìhng-yan), and Keling-kia (Teochew) are frequently used within the Chinese community in Malaysia and Singapore. As with the Malay word these were not originally offensive today may be used in either a derogatory or non-derogatory manner: e.g., in Penang Hokkien, which is spoken by some Indians in Penang, Keling-a is the only word that exists to refer to ethnic Indians.
The Hokkien and Teochew suffixes -a and -kia are diminutives that are generally used to refer to non-Chinese ethnic groups, while "-yan" mean human.
Names of placesVarious place names in Malaysia contain the word Keling for historical reasons, e.g. Tanjong Keling.,[19] Kampong Keling,[20] and Bukit Keling, etc.
In Penang, the Kapitan Keling Mosque, situated on the corner of Buckingham Street and Jalan Masjid Kapitan Keling (Pitt Street), is one of the oldest mosques in George Town. Various other Penang Hokkien street names contain the word Keling, e.g. Kiet-leng-a Ban-san (Chowrasta Road), Kiet-leng-a Ke (King Street/Market Street).
In Singapore, there is a road in Jurong Industrial Estate called Tanjong Kling Road which is probably derived from the word 'Keling'.
In Jepara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, there is a subdistrict called Keling. Locals link the location with the 6th century Kalingga Kingdom. In Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, there is a place called Pacar Keling meaning "Keling lover".
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Post time 21-1-2020 01:44 PM
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