Berita@MKST: Mammal-Like Crocodile Fossil Found!!

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Mammal-Like Crocodile Fossil Found in East Africa, Scientists Report


When crocodiles tried to be mammals: the Cretaceous crocodilan Pakasuchus kapilimai, complete with complex, mammal-like dentition and an unusually flexible spine, hunts dragonflies on an ancient Tanzanian floodplain. (Credit: Mark Witton, University of Portsmouth / Copyrighted under Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Creative Commons License)

ScienceDaily (Aug. 4, 2010) — Fossils of an ancient crocodile with mammal-like teeth have been discovered in the Rukwa Rift Basin of Tanzania, scientists report in the journal Nature. The unusual creature is changing the picture of animal life at 100 million years ago in what is now sub-Saharan Africa.

                                                               
                                

"If you only looked at the teeth, you wouldn't think this was a crocodile. You would wonder what kind of strange mammal or mammal-like reptile it is," said study lead author Patrick O'Connor, associate professor of anatomy in the Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine.

The scientists describe the new species of notosuchian crocodyliform as a small animal -- "its head would fit in the palm of your hand," O'Connor said -- that wasn't as heavily armored as other crocodiles, except along the tail. Other aspects of its anatomy suggest it was a land-dwelling creature that likely feasted on insects and other small animals to survive.

O'Connor and his international research team, funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the National Geographic Society, found a complete specimen of the crocodile in 2008, and now have recovered portions of seven different individuals in southwestern Tanzania. The tooth row with molar-like teeth initially puzzled many experts. Other ancient and living crocodiles typically boast relatively simple, conical teeth that serve to seize and tear prey; they swallow flesh in large chunks.

The molar teeth of the new species, named Pakasuchus (Paka is the Ki-Swahili name for cat and souchos is Greek for crocodile), possessed shearing edges for processing food, similar in form to the teeth of some mammalian carnivores.

"Once we were able to get a close look at the teeth, we knew we had something new and very exciting," O'Connor said.

The research team's discovery that the animals had heavily plated tails but relatively unarmored bodies with gracile limbs suggests that the creatures were quite mobile. They probably actively foraged on land, unlike water-dwelling crocodiles.

The new species isn't a close relative of modern crocodilians, but is a member of a very successful side branch of the crocodyliform lineage that lived during the Mesozoic Era, O'Connor said.

While the specimens of the newly discovered animal and its close relatives are unusual, the study suggests that the creatures were abundant during the middle Cretaceous, from around 110 million until 80 million years ago.

"The more exploration we do, the more we push the boundaries on what we thought we knew about animal life on the planet," O'Connor noted.

Based on other fossils discovered as part of the Rukwa Rift Basin Project, Pakasuchus lived alongside large, plant-eating sauropod and predatory theropod dinosaurs, other types of crocodiles, turtles and various kinds of fishes.

"We suspect that notosuchians were very successful in the southern hemisphere because they were exploiting a certain ecological niche, one in which they were able to successfully compete with other small-bodied, terrestrial animals," O'Connor said. "This is an environment that was quite different from what we typically think of for crocodiles."

Little is known about the vegetation during this time period, but detailed sedimentological analysis of the Rukwa Rift Basin shows that "the landscape was dominated by a large, long-lived river system with multiple, crisscrossing channels and low-relief vegetated floodplains in between that apparently supported a relatively rich vertebrate fauna," said Eric Roberts, an assistant professor of geology at James Cook University who collaborated on the research while at Southern Utah University.

During much of the Cretaceous Period, Afro-Arabia, India, Madagascar, Antarctica, Australia and South America were joined together as the southern supercontinent Gondwana. Relatively few Cretaceous-age mammals have been recovered from this part of the world, and most of those discovered don't appear to be related to modern mammals. Notosuchian crocodyliforms may have taken up residence in a "mammalian niche" in Gondwana during the Cretaceous Period.

"One of the reasons we're working in different parts of the southern hemisphere, including Africa and Antarctica, is that not as much exploration has been done in these locales. We are still piecing together the puzzle of what animal life was like in these places," O'Connor said. "Perhaps we just haven't found the mammals yet."

Collaborators on the study include Nancy Stevens and Ryan Ridgely of Ohio University; Joseph Sertich of Stony Brook University; Eric Roberts of James Cook University; Michael Gottfried of Michigan State University; Tobin Hieronymus of the Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine; Zubair Jinnah of the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Sifa Ngasala of Michigan State University and the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania; and Jesuit Temba of the Tanzanian Antiquities Unit.

Sumber: Ohio University. "Mammal-Like Crocodile Fossil Found in East Africa, Scientists Report." ScienceDaily 4 August 2010. 5 August 2010

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notosuchian crocodyliform

1. kepala sebesar tapak tangan
2. makan serangga
3. tinggal di atas tanah rather than water
4. bentuk molar gigi yang besar - keupayaan mengoyakkan daging dalam kuantiti banyak

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Mammal-like Teeth Gave Crocodile Chewing Power

Modern crocodiles have fairly undifferentiated, conical teeth specialized for a bite-and-gulp feeding style. But Pakasuchus had teeth resembling mammals' canines, premolars, and interlocking molars, says the study, to be published in tomorrow's issue of the journal Nature.

In addition, the lower jaw of Pakasuchus could slide back and forth. "Crocodiles alive today don't have a major sliding component to their jaw," O'Connor explained. "It's just a hinged joint that allows the jaw to move up and down."

(See "In Crocodile Evolution, the Bite Came Before the Body.")

Taken together, the crocodile's unique dentition and sliding jaw suggest Pakasuchus was able to chew and grind its food, a trait previously thought to be unique to mammals.

"Chewing is a mammalian characteristic, almost by definition," O'Connor said.

"Most people who do functional anatomy or paleontology reserve the term for mammals only," he said. Other animal groups are generally thought to lack the necessary anatomical features and coordinated muscle activity required for complex chewing, he added.

Pakasuchus was almost certainly capable of chewing, agreed Zhe-Xi Luo, a paleontologist and early-mammal expert at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

"We used to think that it was not possible for crocodiles to really chew their food," said Luo, who was not involved in the research. "But [this study] shows that, yes, they could."

Crocodile Was Mammal Proxy in Land of Reptiles?

Pakasuchus likely fed on small lizards, insects, and the few primitive mammals that existed in Gondwana at the time. The animal's unique dentition may have allowed the fossil crocodile to occupy ecological niches filled by mammals in other parts of the world, the study says.

"This small-bodied animal occupied a dramatically different feeding niche than do modern crocodilians" study co-author Nancy Stevens, also of Ohio University, said in a statement. The crocodilian order includes crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials, and related extinct forms.

Pakasuchus belonged to a reptile family called the notosuchians, or "southern crocodiles." For this group, differentiated teeth may have been the key to success, said Steve Salisbury, a paleontologist at the University of Queensland in Australia.

Increasingly, fossil discoveries in former areas of Gondwana are revealing that the notosuchians boasted a very diverse range of species, said Salisbury, who also did not participate in the Pakasuchus-fossil research.

(Also see "Armadillo-like Crocodile Fossil Found in Brazil.")

If it turns out that mammal-like teeth were typical among other notosuchians, "it may have opened up new opportunities that weren't possible with more simplified dentition," he added.

Salisbury adds that the discovery of Pakasuchus will likely prompt many scientists to go back and reexamine their fossil collections.

"Isolated teeth that people previously assumed belonged to mammals," he said, "may in fact belong to crocodiles."

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http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/08/100804-new-crocodile-fossil-pakasuchus-nature-science-mammal-teeth/